1 00:00:31,060 --> 00:00:34,215 October 4, 1967. An hour's wage taken from Fran�oise Moreau, 2 00:00:34,335 --> 00:00:36,949 who makes shirts at Seligman's for one franc fourteen an hour. 3 00:00:37,069 --> 00:00:39,791 Reason: sings while working. What's in a name? 4 00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:41,720 We wonder about this as children, 5 00:00:41,840 --> 00:00:43,761 writing this name which we forget is ours. 6 00:00:43,881 --> 00:00:46,720 James to Paul, writing on the ears of his dog: 7 00:00:46,840 --> 00:00:49,502 "I wrote your name, Liberty, with the blood of a comrade 8 00:00:49,622 --> 00:00:51,032 tortured by the Gestapo". 9 00:00:51,152 --> 00:00:52,656 The people of oppressed nations 10 00:00:52,776 --> 00:00:55,794 absolutely must not stop fighting for their emancipation. 11 00:01:00,510 --> 00:01:03,438 Persevering in the fight is the way to succeed. 12 00:01:03,558 --> 00:01:07,429 It bothers me to say I give moral support and only that. 13 00:01:07,666 --> 00:01:11,270 We know that our capacity to fight is limited, 14 00:01:11,560 --> 00:01:13,686 but we'd like to fight as much as we can, 15 00:01:13,806 --> 00:01:17,716 and merely moral support seems to me rather weak. 16 00:01:18,771 --> 00:01:20,450 Could you explain? 17 00:01:20,966 --> 00:01:24,079 You mean the presence during the action 18 00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:26,948 of students alongside the workers? 19 00:01:27,068 --> 00:01:28,322 Yes, that's it. 20 00:01:28,442 --> 00:01:32,041 That's, that's... that's very important, but it's not... 21 00:01:32,243 --> 00:01:35,522 That's very important, but it isn't what we need to discuss. 22 00:01:35,642 --> 00:01:38,291 Of course we'll be there, it's not a matter of our being there, 23 00:01:38,411 --> 00:01:40,445 but where do we go from there, 24 00:01:40,718 --> 00:01:42,874 what are we to do? 25 00:01:43,270 --> 00:01:44,870 We can do things like last time, 26 00:01:44,990 --> 00:01:47,295 or we can do more. For instance, 27 00:01:48,455 --> 00:01:50,671 it's a matter of thinking it over, 28 00:01:50,900 --> 00:01:56,306 we're thinking, when can we organize a second general strike, 29 00:01:56,851 --> 00:02:01,011 when can we carry it out better than we did in this case? 30 00:02:01,204 --> 00:02:03,296 Even though this wasn't a complete failure, 31 00:02:03,666 --> 00:02:05,101 because we did learn a lot of things. 32 00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:11,267 The director of the Lyc�e Condorcet expels a student 33 00:02:11,387 --> 00:02:13,674 as the result of a strike organized 34 00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:16,380 to protest against the resumption of classes one Thursday. 35 00:02:16,500 --> 00:02:18,516 First, then second demonstration. 36 00:02:18,636 --> 00:02:22,077 High school students for the first time are pitted against the police. 37 00:02:22,311 --> 00:02:24,874 The Russian working class is decimated by internal strife. 38 00:02:25,098 --> 00:02:26,309 In his fight against Stalin, 39 00:02:26,429 --> 00:02:29,352 Trotsky is supported by the Red Army and the young students. 40 00:02:29,545 --> 00:02:31,814 He hesitates to unleash them against the Party apparatus 41 00:02:31,934 --> 00:02:33,589 which Stalin has taken. 42 00:02:41,160 --> 00:02:43,533 It was a matter of a reconnaissance mission, 43 00:02:43,653 --> 00:02:47,436 If for instance we wanted to work in Flins, we had to go to Flins. 44 00:02:48,104 --> 00:02:52,069 To try to help the workers in Flins, we had to go to Flins, 45 00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:54,699 try to get hired at a factory, 46 00:02:54,819 --> 00:02:58,531 preferably at Renault because it's a rather difficult factory, 47 00:02:58,801 --> 00:03:02,069 and find out, learn what's going on at the factory. 48 00:03:02,587 --> 00:03:04,428 In 1967, Le Figaro... 49 00:03:06,907 --> 00:03:10,146 ...who rebel against the prohibition on campus 50 00:03:10,266 --> 00:03:13,205 of free movement between boys' and girls' rooms... 51 00:03:13,451 --> 00:03:16,178 The main task of the theater is to explain the story 52 00:03:16,298 --> 00:03:17,532 and communicate ideas 53 00:03:17,652 --> 00:03:19,665 by means of appropriate distancing effects, 54 00:03:19,785 --> 00:03:23,924 explains Bertolt Brecht to the chemists of a toxic products factory. 55 00:03:27,898 --> 00:03:31,047 Despite the civil strife which adds horror after horror, 56 00:03:31,167 --> 00:03:34,982 civilized life resumes at the start of spring 57 00:03:35,102 --> 00:03:37,285 in the territories liberated by Tito. 58 00:03:37,405 --> 00:03:41,642 The partisans put the railways back in service. 59 00:03:41,885 --> 00:03:44,411 Classes are resumed in some rural schools. 60 00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:47,994 So, for example, the minimum... 61 00:03:48,114 --> 00:03:52,313 It would've been possible to manufacture, make cars... 62 00:03:55,353 --> 00:03:57,008 and give them or... 63 00:03:57,901 --> 00:04:01,320 or exchange them for other things, or something like that. 64 00:04:01,548 --> 00:04:03,671 And to make red cars rather than black. 65 00:04:03,791 --> 00:04:05,981 They say that our tragicomic achievements 66 00:04:06,101 --> 00:04:08,592 haven't paved the way for revolutionary progress. 67 00:04:08,712 --> 00:04:10,542 At best, only by giving rise to 68 00:04:10,662 --> 00:04:12,893 a compact and powerful counterrevolution, 69 00:04:13,013 --> 00:04:16,831 by creating an adversary and fighting it, can the party of subversion 70 00:04:16,951 --> 00:04:19,627 finally become a truly revolutionary party. 71 00:04:20,151 --> 00:04:21,549 Political class awareness 72 00:04:21,669 --> 00:04:24,265 can only be given to the worker from outside, 73 00:04:24,385 --> 00:04:26,435 that is, from outside of the economic fight, 74 00:04:26,555 --> 00:04:29,213 from outside the sphere of labor relations. 75 00:04:29,820 --> 00:04:32,273 If we had a job like that... 76 00:04:32,393 --> 00:04:35,288 Do you think it's important or not? 77 00:04:36,611 --> 00:04:39,363 - It's a way to... - I think it's important. 78 00:04:41,077 --> 00:04:44,910 In reality, it's putting the strike at the service 79 00:04:45,030 --> 00:04:48,152 either of propaganda, or information, 80 00:04:48,272 --> 00:04:51,600 or other things, for example, if cars came out of Renault 81 00:04:51,720 --> 00:04:55,933 with loudspeakers, things like that, to tell about 82 00:04:56,053 --> 00:04:59,870 what was happening in the factory, how they were picketing, etc. 83 00:05:00,067 --> 00:05:02,674 These are small details. However, it's very important. 84 00:05:02,794 --> 00:05:04,854 It's showing that the guys don't need a boss 85 00:05:04,974 --> 00:05:07,298 to get a factory going and use it. 86 00:05:08,441 --> 00:05:12,285 - Yes, but it hasn't been done. - Yes, it hasn't been done, why? 87 00:05:13,615 --> 00:05:16,143 Don't think about it as a failure. 88 00:05:16,679 --> 00:05:18,716 I can think that too, but... 89 00:05:20,342 --> 00:05:23,773 the general strike situation was in fact a step. 90 00:05:23,893 --> 00:05:27,243 We've reached a relatively high step in the fight. 91 00:05:27,682 --> 00:05:31,675 And besides, we couldn't solve the problem of organizing 92 00:05:31,960 --> 00:05:34,896 the means of production to serve the strikers, it's true, 93 00:05:35,016 --> 00:05:36,594 that's the next stage. 94 00:05:36,831 --> 00:05:39,913 The next stage is when, say, 95 00:05:40,488 --> 00:05:42,607 we can provide food, 96 00:05:44,286 --> 00:05:48,548 through contacts with the country, with the cooperatives, etc. 97 00:05:48,668 --> 00:05:51,797 It's not the contacts because the farmers, 98 00:05:51,917 --> 00:05:56,384 several times a year they pitch in tomatoes or other things, and... 99 00:05:56,616 --> 00:05:58,696 effectively, it doesn't work... 100 00:05:59,983 --> 00:06:04,194 It's feasible to the extent we make sure the contacts 101 00:06:04,314 --> 00:06:06,471 are provided with explanations. 102 00:06:06,760 --> 00:06:09,513 For example, explain to the farmers 103 00:06:11,230 --> 00:06:13,929 what the strike at Flins means 104 00:06:14,049 --> 00:06:17,375 for the workers at Flins, tell them that now... 105 00:06:17,495 --> 00:06:21,451 That's the interesting thing, that men feel in contact with each other. 106 00:06:21,571 --> 00:06:24,493 Say, for example, to a cooperative: 107 00:06:26,163 --> 00:06:30,551 "You're going to send supplies to the strikers in this city, 108 00:06:30,671 --> 00:06:33,435 we'll also explain what's going on at this factory..." 109 00:06:33,555 --> 00:06:36,079 In the same way, we can tell... 110 00:06:37,393 --> 00:06:40,196 the workers in this factory... 111 00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:44,369 this is the situation, how it is in this place... 112 00:06:44,624 --> 00:06:46,980 and this is why they feel solidarity with you... 113 00:06:47,100 --> 00:06:49,749 why they make demands, and that's how it is. 114 00:06:50,056 --> 00:06:53,578 What do you mean by "it wasn't a failure"? 115 00:06:53,824 --> 00:06:59,587 I mean it was a failure, it was a failed revolution, sure. 116 00:06:59,894 --> 00:07:02,510 But it wasn't a failure... 117 00:07:03,279 --> 00:07:05,398 December 1967, IFOP poll. 118 00:07:05,518 --> 00:07:07,930 37% of the French believe before the year 2000 119 00:07:08,050 --> 00:07:11,078 there will be another world war, 19% have no opinion. 120 00:07:11,198 --> 00:07:13,917 72% think the problem of unemployment won't be solved. 121 00:07:14,037 --> 00:07:18,321 58% think that in France they'll drink more wine than now. 122 00:07:19,763 --> 00:07:22,040 Bombs in prison, explosion of the police, 123 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:23,365 explosion of perception. 124 00:07:23,485 --> 00:07:26,614 Where? In Quimper, in Rennes, in St. Brieux, in Plouzevede. 125 00:07:26,734 --> 00:07:28,407 When? In January 1968. 126 00:07:28,527 --> 00:07:31,839 To see if a youth is revolutionary or not, there is only one criterion: 127 00:07:31,959 --> 00:07:35,877 that which binds him to the workers and farmers and helps them. 128 00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:38,469 If he wants it and does it, he is a revolutionary. 129 00:07:38,589 --> 00:07:40,079 If he stops doing it tomorrow, 130 00:07:40,199 --> 00:07:43,174 then he'll be a non-revolutionary or counter-revolutionary. 131 00:07:43,294 --> 00:07:45,656 February 1968, in Caen the workers fight, 132 00:07:45,776 --> 00:07:47,757 the police disguise the number of deaths. 133 00:07:50,762 --> 00:07:52,874 ...the same bonus for everyone. 134 00:07:52,994 --> 00:07:54,913 - The bonus? - The same for everyone. 135 00:07:55,033 --> 00:07:57,551 The same for everyone. What does it depend on? 136 00:07:57,671 --> 00:07:59,318 The bonus depends on the pace, 137 00:07:59,438 --> 00:08:01,366 on the output the factory achieves. 138 00:08:01,486 --> 00:08:04,132 If it's not reached, no bonus. 139 00:08:04,871 --> 00:08:07,077 No doubt this year... 140 00:08:08,526 --> 00:08:12,174 when the output hasn't been reached by the unions, 141 00:08:12,376 --> 00:08:16,341 and then the employer decided to reach it by any means... 142 00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:21,037 But what is the maximum output? 143 00:08:21,697 --> 00:08:25,002 - It's unlimited. - The output, it's done... 144 00:08:25,415 --> 00:08:28,444 Suppose the employer has determined a ceiling, 145 00:08:28,564 --> 00:08:30,264 and it must be reached. 146 00:08:30,384 --> 00:08:31,618 What is it? 147 00:08:32,726 --> 00:08:36,071 - We know nothing, you don't know. - No, nothing is known. 148 00:08:36,191 --> 00:08:39,373 You have no idea. Do you think it helps you to know, for example... 149 00:08:41,210 --> 00:08:44,271 We must attack with nonviolence, and defend with violence. 150 00:08:44,391 --> 00:08:47,027 March 27, 1968, to protest the arrests 151 00:08:47,147 --> 00:08:51,093 during demonstrations organized by grassroots Vietnam committees, 152 00:08:51,213 --> 00:08:54,712 600 Nanterre students occupy stadium B1, renaming it Che Guevara. 153 00:08:56,785 --> 00:08:59,264 At the CFC in Al�s, after 48 hours of strike, 154 00:08:59,384 --> 00:09:03,607 the enamel workers obtained a 15-cent raise. 155 00:09:03,874 --> 00:09:08,069 Soon the color workers began a strike for a raise of... 156 00:09:08,516 --> 00:09:12,470 ...for example, yesterday there was a gap of many cars on the line. 157 00:09:12,760 --> 00:09:16,240 Well, that gap of lost time must be recovered the next day. 158 00:09:16,360 --> 00:09:18,299 But if you tell that to the workers... 159 00:09:18,562 --> 00:09:21,105 for them there are so many cars, it must be a trick. 160 00:09:21,225 --> 00:09:25,230 An example, two and a half years ago... 161 00:09:26,267 --> 00:09:29,515 when the R16 first came out... 162 00:09:32,013 --> 00:09:34,720 there was a breakdown in painting, I think... 163 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:39,213 a car crashed into a bathroom, and that blocked the entire line. 164 00:09:39,424 --> 00:09:41,901 Then they were forced to pull the stock... 165 00:09:42,021 --> 00:09:45,568 History so far has found no other way to advance humanity... 166 00:09:45,688 --> 00:09:48,200 than to oppose every time the violence of the condemned class... 167 00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:50,764 with the revolutionary violence of the progressive class. 168 00:09:50,984 --> 00:09:52,785 We're in a time when everything happens. 169 00:09:52,905 --> 00:09:54,913 We could almost say everything has happened. 170 00:09:55,229 --> 00:09:58,376 If our story is not believable today, it may be tomorrow... 171 00:09:58,496 --> 00:10:01,231 thanks to scientific research, which is the way of the future... 172 00:10:01,351 --> 00:10:04,310 and no one would dare put it in the realm of legend. 173 00:10:06,474 --> 00:10:08,854 It's about destroying the enemy, not judging. 174 00:10:09,047 --> 00:10:10,880 In the villages liberated by their column... 175 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:14,085 they assembled the peasants to point out the fascists... 176 00:10:14,205 --> 00:10:15,674 and shot them on the spot. 177 00:10:15,891 --> 00:10:18,783 The next revolution will go the same way, serenely. 178 00:10:19,047 --> 00:10:21,115 We know there will be no one to judge us... 179 00:10:21,235 --> 00:10:22,557 the judges will be away forever... 180 00:10:22,677 --> 00:10:24,350 because we will have eaten them. 181 00:10:25,089 --> 00:10:28,177 In Flins, we know the whole region geographically now. 182 00:10:28,297 --> 00:10:30,508 The Renault factories, we're used to the roads, 183 00:10:30,628 --> 00:10:32,786 we know the people, we know where to stay, etc. 184 00:10:32,997 --> 00:10:34,492 And if something happens in Flins, 185 00:10:34,612 --> 00:10:37,978 we return to the factories, no problem, because it's home. 186 00:10:38,787 --> 00:10:40,335 We move well in Flins. 187 00:10:40,455 --> 00:10:43,189 If there are actions like the ones we led... 188 00:10:44,192 --> 00:10:46,401 the famous Friday, the famous Saturday... 189 00:10:46,521 --> 00:10:47,927 the famous Monday we led in Flins... 190 00:10:48,047 --> 00:10:50,455 we know where the roads are and how to attack... 191 00:10:50,575 --> 00:10:52,852 and that, in the short term, is extremely important. 192 00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:56,972 We've been observers, I agree, but nothing prevents us from... 193 00:10:57,092 --> 00:10:59,457 staying much longer in the factory to stop being observers. 194 00:10:59,577 --> 00:11:02,113 From the moment, and you know well since we work together... 195 00:11:02,233 --> 00:11:04,619 from the moment we were at the factory four months... 196 00:11:04,739 --> 00:11:06,657 we held our card... 197 00:11:06,992 --> 00:11:08,695 it's a very simple example... 198 00:11:08,815 --> 00:11:11,005 we decided to take a CGT card... 199 00:11:11,599 --> 00:11:12,456 May 1st. 200 00:11:12,949 --> 00:11:15,902 The usual parade organized by the CGT from R�publique to Bastille. 201 00:11:16,022 --> 00:11:18,756 The students participate. 202 00:11:19,023 --> 00:11:21,460 Law enforcement beats them because they shout: 203 00:11:21,580 --> 00:11:23,340 "Long live the CGT for the class struggle!'' 204 00:11:23,604 --> 00:11:25,837 ...of B-52s based in Guam... 205 00:11:25,957 --> 00:11:28,478 though it costs 30 thousand dollars to take out the machine... 206 00:11:30,343 --> 00:11:33,499 Each plane can transport over ten tons of bombs... 207 00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:37,080 and a formation of 50 bombers flying at 7000 meters altitude... 208 00:11:37,200 --> 00:11:39,003 can saturate... 209 00:11:40,383 --> 00:11:43,704 It's almost impossible to do the same job with normal fighters. 210 00:11:44,223 --> 00:11:46,696 Friday the 3rd, a student throws the first paving stone. 211 00:11:46,816 --> 00:11:48,798 ...if you like, a combativeness... 212 00:11:48,918 --> 00:11:50,710 even an animosity eventually... 213 00:11:50,830 --> 00:11:54,341 and a more general idea of having a strike... 214 00:11:54,461 --> 00:11:56,597 to deploy, to launch other things... 215 00:11:56,717 --> 00:11:59,152 which is also extremely important. 216 00:12:00,179 --> 00:12:03,742 The problem is not to stay for ten days... 217 00:12:03,862 --> 00:12:06,564 so we can return to the factory when the situation breaks out. 218 00:12:06,684 --> 00:12:09,279 The problem is not to stay three months... 219 00:12:09,508 --> 00:12:12,353 so we can form a kind of action committee... 220 00:12:12,473 --> 00:12:13,759 to make a direct action. 221 00:12:13,879 --> 00:12:16,848 The problem is directly, for me, at least... 222 00:12:16,968 --> 00:12:21,421 to break with the privileged condition of students and intellectuals... 223 00:12:21,817 --> 00:12:23,549 and to break completely. 224 00:12:23,973 --> 00:12:25,458 In this society... 225 00:12:26,960 --> 00:12:29,531 in this society, the student's condition... 226 00:12:29,651 --> 00:12:32,596 - ...is a privileged condition... - We can't escape the class struggle. 227 00:12:32,716 --> 00:12:35,400 However, the student escapes one way or another. 228 00:12:35,638 --> 00:12:37,872 He never escapes. That's what... 229 00:12:37,992 --> 00:12:40,700 - ...that's the Stalinist rejection... - You said... 230 00:12:40,820 --> 00:12:43,179 - ...the student is a student. - ...the student's condition... 231 00:12:43,299 --> 00:12:46,564 is a privileged condition, in this society. 232 00:12:47,636 --> 00:12:49,838 What we want is a society... 233 00:12:50,031 --> 00:12:53,291 in which the student's condition is not particularly privileged... 234 00:12:53,411 --> 00:12:56,679 in which the condition of managers is not... 235 00:12:57,299 --> 00:12:59,055 a privileged condition... 236 00:12:59,175 --> 00:13:02,236 but not by wanting to change that condition. 237 00:13:02,356 --> 00:13:05,336 We must pack up and say: "For now it's a privilege... 238 00:13:05,456 --> 00:13:08,901 but I can no longer be a student, and I'd like to be..." 239 00:13:16,739 --> 00:13:17,745 I... 240 00:13:21,646 --> 00:13:23,479 That depends on what you mean... 241 00:13:23,760 --> 00:13:27,175 ...I mean, there's an enormous intellectual work 242 00:13:27,408 --> 00:13:30,072 to do in the middle classes. 243 00:13:30,878 --> 00:13:33,681 That depends on what you consider poor conditions. 244 00:13:34,231 --> 00:13:36,073 The proletarian is... 245 00:13:36,934 --> 00:13:39,476 the laborer, the factory worker... 246 00:13:39,893 --> 00:13:43,394 and also that which all the sociologists... 247 00:13:44,001 --> 00:13:45,667 call new strata... 248 00:13:50,965 --> 00:13:54,983 ...who works, works in the Galeries Lafayette... 249 00:14:00,992 --> 00:14:04,828 With respect to this 15%, I don't agree... 250 00:14:06,146 --> 00:14:10,257 workers in France represent more than 15% of the active population. 251 00:14:10,941 --> 00:14:14,301 That's certain. I don't have the figures... 252 00:14:14,573 --> 00:14:16,705 ...but that's absolutely true. 253 00:14:16,825 --> 00:14:18,394 But I don't understand... 254 00:14:18,514 --> 00:14:21,811 Wait, you raised the issue of management just now. 255 00:14:21,931 --> 00:14:25,247 There's an experience, if you like... 256 00:14:25,492 --> 00:14:27,891 the student is destined, faced with... 257 00:14:28,011 --> 00:14:31,968 the workers' principal reproach against the students, 258 00:14:32,088 --> 00:14:33,903 they say: "You play at being Simone Weil," 259 00:14:34,023 --> 00:14:37,283 not because they don't know Simone Weil, but they read... 260 00:14:37,736 --> 00:14:39,220 and they think: 261 00:14:39,340 --> 00:14:42,876 "In any case, now you're very nice, you're with us... 262 00:14:42,996 --> 00:14:46,015 but when your studies are finished, you'll be the cops." 263 00:14:46,135 --> 00:14:47,375 Friday the 3rd. 264 00:14:47,495 --> 00:14:49,960 The PCF denounces the false revolutionaries... 265 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:52,069 composed of sons of the well-to-do... 266 00:14:52,189 --> 00:14:54,076 and led by a German anarchist. 267 00:14:54,309 --> 00:14:56,776 Saturday the 4th, Daniel Legros, pastry chef... 268 00:14:56,896 --> 00:15:00,650 is found in possession of a bolt and a switchblade... 269 00:15:00,770 --> 00:15:04,521 and sentenced to 3 months in jail or a fine of 500 francs. 270 00:15:04,851 --> 00:15:07,734 Sunday the 5th, order to strike. 271 00:15:08,044 --> 00:15:10,482 The police massively occupy the Latin Quarter. 272 00:15:10,602 --> 00:15:13,547 Ambush of the University Action Movement... 273 00:15:15,360 --> 00:15:16,315 Monday the 6th. 274 00:15:16,435 --> 00:15:19,341 Around 9:30pm, fighting stops in Saint-Germain-des-Pr�s. 275 00:15:19,461 --> 00:15:22,679 The police give chase to the groups remaining in the Od�on area. 276 00:15:23,035 --> 00:15:24,100 Tuesday the 7th. 277 00:15:24,220 --> 00:15:26,697 Call of the Union of Communist Marxist-Leninist Youth. 278 00:15:27,226 --> 00:15:28,952 "Sweep away the reformist slogans... 279 00:15:29,072 --> 00:15:31,470 and those who are allied to cut off the road... 280 00:15:31,590 --> 00:15:33,882 of the masses, the road of revolution." 281 00:15:35,346 --> 00:15:38,718 I don't know if they worked in a different way... 282 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:41,275 than the others with whom they worked. 283 00:15:41,588 --> 00:15:42,932 Anyway... 284 00:15:43,393 --> 00:15:48,543 I think there's a way of acting on their own ground. 285 00:15:48,957 --> 00:15:50,817 I'm convinced. 286 00:15:51,379 --> 00:15:53,678 I think a school teacher... 287 00:15:53,966 --> 00:15:55,254 maybe... 288 00:15:55,938 --> 00:15:58,915 he can't very well give up being a teacher... 289 00:15:59,035 --> 00:16:02,639 even if he teaches privately and earns 200,000 per month... 290 00:16:02,759 --> 00:16:04,602 but he can teach certain things... 291 00:16:04,722 --> 00:16:08,180 to the girls and boys going to the school... 292 00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:11,245 and fight the system that way. 293 00:16:11,365 --> 00:16:15,146 It's not about completely rejecting... 294 00:16:15,266 --> 00:16:18,313 this situation under the guise of... 295 00:16:19,942 --> 00:16:22,116 Your reasoning is correct... 296 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:24,510 in a completely static context. 297 00:16:24,949 --> 00:16:26,036 Static how? 298 00:16:26,156 --> 00:16:28,905 Or in a climate that's not at all insurrectionary. 299 00:16:29,145 --> 00:16:32,382 - Or the climate is... - Isn't it insurrectionary now? 300 00:16:32,502 --> 00:16:33,686 Not insurrectionary. 301 00:16:33,806 --> 00:16:35,587 There are strikes every day in the region. 302 00:16:35,837 --> 00:16:37,749 But that's not an insurrection. 303 00:16:37,869 --> 00:16:39,803 Sorry, that's not an insurrection... 304 00:16:39,923 --> 00:16:43,019 but nevertheless it's an insurrectionary climate... 305 00:16:43,139 --> 00:16:44,632 and feels like one. 306 00:16:44,752 --> 00:16:49,251 Well, okay, so I tell you that the questions you pose... 307 00:16:49,483 --> 00:16:51,846 are completely crazy questions, because if you say... 308 00:16:51,966 --> 00:16:55,079 that the situation must move and evolve dramatically... 309 00:16:55,199 --> 00:16:57,575 by the autumn, that is, in two or three months... 310 00:16:57,695 --> 00:16:59,615 and within four or five months... 311 00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:01,703 the questions we have to ask... 312 00:17:01,974 --> 00:17:06,727 are concrete questions: What do we students, today... 313 00:17:06,986 --> 00:17:10,039 students who've taken to the streets, I don't know how many... 314 00:17:10,159 --> 00:17:11,841 30,000 to 40,000... 315 00:17:12,203 --> 00:17:14,159 what do we do with these people? 316 00:17:14,279 --> 00:17:16,229 What can we do to help... 317 00:17:16,349 --> 00:17:19,544 to fight alongside the working class? 318 00:17:19,664 --> 00:17:21,531 What should these 40,000 students do... 319 00:17:21,651 --> 00:17:23,581 to fight alongside the working class? 320 00:17:23,701 --> 00:17:25,587 You're a student, it's yours to answer. 321 00:17:27,524 --> 00:17:29,423 How do you envision it? You're a student. 322 00:17:29,543 --> 00:17:31,920 I don't have to solve it, I'm not a student. 323 00:17:33,470 --> 00:17:34,987 How are you not a student? 324 00:17:36,247 --> 00:17:39,120 No, I've never been a student. I've always worked... 325 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:42,240 and studied for myself, taking exams or not... 326 00:17:42,360 --> 00:17:44,576 but I've always rejected, for ten years... 327 00:17:44,696 --> 00:17:48,590 actions which would make me be considered a student. 328 00:17:49,160 --> 00:17:51,121 It's always offended me deeply. 329 00:17:51,241 --> 00:17:53,356 It's nothing new, but definitely... 330 00:17:53,476 --> 00:17:55,421 I'm a proletarian, I work like a proletarian... 331 00:17:55,541 --> 00:17:58,069 or like a revolutionary, participating in the guerrillas... 332 00:17:58,189 --> 00:18:01,593 but anyway, for me the question doesn't arise as long as... 333 00:18:01,713 --> 00:18:05,072 if someone receives the pill of knowledge in any form whatsoever. 334 00:18:07,003 --> 00:18:10,207 That's a misunderstanding. 335 00:18:11,360 --> 00:18:14,392 It's a misunderstanding of the student's role. 336 00:18:14,778 --> 00:18:18,430 I don't think it's particularly interesting to know how... 337 00:18:18,550 --> 00:18:22,813 for the moment, to determine our relation to the class struggle... 338 00:18:22,933 --> 00:18:23,848 since... 339 00:18:23,968 --> 00:18:25,294 Everything's interesting... 340 00:18:25,414 --> 00:18:27,525 But I mean, not immediately... 341 00:18:27,796 --> 00:18:30,754 How do you envision helping students, Nicolas? 342 00:18:30,874 --> 00:18:33,290 How do you envision helping students? 343 00:18:36,360 --> 00:18:38,560 - That's the problem. - In several ways, naturally. 344 00:18:38,680 --> 00:18:42,548 First, from the viewpoint of of instruction among the workers. 345 00:18:42,668 --> 00:18:44,425 That's a medium level. 346 00:18:44,688 --> 00:18:47,009 So, we count ourselves with the students... 347 00:18:47,383 --> 00:18:51,015 since they help us, they inspire us... 348 00:18:51,970 --> 00:18:54,674 they teach us many things that we... 349 00:18:56,361 --> 00:18:58,131 that now escape us... 350 00:18:59,888 --> 00:19:02,470 - And secondly... - What things, for example? 351 00:19:04,265 --> 00:19:07,720 Because this discussion, I had it with an intellectual... 352 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:09,880 a student who came from time to time... 353 00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:13,302 wait, allow me a brief digression, who said that at all costs... 354 00:19:13,422 --> 00:19:16,342 the workers must be taught class consciousness, you know? 355 00:19:16,462 --> 00:19:18,090 Analysis of the recent past... 356 00:19:18,210 --> 00:19:21,125 is an imperative task for all revolutionaries. 357 00:19:21,939 --> 00:19:25,596 We said, try to know who we are, how we function... 358 00:19:25,716 --> 00:19:26,788 Yes, that's it... 359 00:19:26,908 --> 00:19:27,976 Wednesday the 8th. 360 00:19:28,096 --> 00:19:30,908 Great popular movement in the nine departments of the West. 361 00:19:31,028 --> 00:19:34,238 Some 10,000 strikers. Powerful strike movement in the PTT... 362 00:19:34,358 --> 00:19:36,807 organized by the General Community of Transistors... 363 00:19:36,927 --> 00:19:39,636 and the French Democratic Transistorized Company. 364 00:19:41,111 --> 00:19:43,256 Then secondly, as I said this morning... 365 00:19:43,376 --> 00:19:46,123 create stronger ties among us... 366 00:19:46,243 --> 00:19:50,037 that is, we can hold meetings with the students... 367 00:19:50,567 --> 00:19:53,338 and the workers in the same room, discuss... 368 00:19:56,895 --> 00:19:58,535 Among others. Fourth. 369 00:19:59,272 --> 00:20:02,740 Besides, also, an example of what happens here... 370 00:20:02,860 --> 00:20:05,880 is that when we talk to people about what happened... 371 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:07,332 the Nantes active strike... 372 00:20:07,452 --> 00:20:09,168 nobody knows what happened. 373 00:20:10,150 --> 00:20:12,871 Very few are aware. 374 00:20:13,160 --> 00:20:14,620 And this is very important. 375 00:20:14,740 --> 00:20:17,248 Nantes and Cl�on, this week there was a meeting... 376 00:20:17,368 --> 00:20:19,315 with some guys from Cl�on and Billancourt... 377 00:20:20,276 --> 00:20:22,509 on the problems at Billancourt and Cl�on. 378 00:20:22,755 --> 00:20:24,757 A girl from Cl�on came... 379 00:20:25,360 --> 00:20:27,259 and a guy from Billancourt. 380 00:20:27,379 --> 00:20:30,505 I raised the issue. I said: "What happened? 381 00:20:30,625 --> 00:20:34,936 How did you stop the factory? We knew absolutely nothing. 382 00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:37,037 How did it go inside the factory?" 383 00:20:37,662 --> 00:20:40,333 The guy replied: 384 00:20:42,193 --> 00:20:46,712 "We stopped for a half hour," or an hour, I don't know. 385 00:20:48,589 --> 00:20:53,219 He said it was for certain demands they wanted to get... 386 00:20:53,339 --> 00:20:56,061 hence the half hour, then suddenly, unlimited strike. 387 00:20:56,552 --> 00:20:59,040 We said: "We weren't aware. 388 00:20:59,490 --> 00:21:01,476 We knew there was a strike... 389 00:21:01,596 --> 00:21:03,839 but we didn't know exactly how it was." 390 00:21:04,487 --> 00:21:07,587 We didn't strike because Cl�on was on strike... 391 00:21:07,707 --> 00:21:10,715 we went on strike because we too had demands. 392 00:21:12,020 --> 00:21:14,112 Conveniently, they were the same. 393 00:21:16,191 --> 00:21:19,446 Even with the trade unions, we're misinformed... 394 00:21:20,105 --> 00:21:21,784 about the workers. 395 00:21:21,904 --> 00:21:23,871 Anyway, there hasn't been enough contact... 396 00:21:23,991 --> 00:21:26,630 amond all the factories, Cl�on, Creil... 397 00:21:26,750 --> 00:21:29,878 - ...Sandouville, Billancourt... - If you think that it's... 398 00:21:29,998 --> 00:21:33,662 something that happens in a geographically restricted space... 399 00:21:35,290 --> 00:21:38,512 It would have been interesting to do it on a limited scale. 400 00:21:38,632 --> 00:21:41,940 Finally, the interest in a national scale was to establish a precedent. 401 00:21:42,060 --> 00:21:47,340 That way we could have passed to a higher level of relations... 402 00:21:47,726 --> 00:21:50,960 so-called relations of dual power. Against the State's power... 403 00:21:51,080 --> 00:21:54,762 there was the power of the workers who organized in the factories... 404 00:21:55,278 --> 00:21:59,111 who could have a power with a relative centralization... 405 00:21:59,880 --> 00:22:02,000 which isn't necessarily bureaucratic... 406 00:22:02,120 --> 00:22:04,083 insofar as it's centralization of information... 407 00:22:04,203 --> 00:22:07,516 a dissemination of information in which everybody... 408 00:22:07,636 --> 00:22:09,906 gives their experience and what they've done. 409 00:22:10,026 --> 00:22:12,719 And where we can, in this moment... 410 00:22:12,839 --> 00:22:16,870 once we know exactly what's happened at such and such a site... 411 00:22:16,990 --> 00:22:17,894 coordinate. 412 00:22:18,014 --> 00:22:19,417 Say, for example... 413 00:22:19,537 --> 00:22:21,926 if we want to put the factories in operation... 414 00:22:22,046 --> 00:22:25,334 at this place they need this, let's bring it here... 415 00:22:25,454 --> 00:22:26,947 there they need something. 416 00:22:27,067 --> 00:22:30,136 At that moment, when you pass to that phase, well... 417 00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:34,035 in fact, you hold a power which opposes the State's power... 418 00:22:34,155 --> 00:22:36,240 and they can no longer do anything... 419 00:22:36,360 --> 00:22:37,918 We needed an organization... 420 00:22:38,038 --> 00:22:41,215 which enjoyed an incontestable authority, free of all tradition... 421 00:22:41,335 --> 00:22:44,865 which would gather workers who were scattered and unconnected. 422 00:22:44,985 --> 00:22:47,050 This organization must be the most influential... 423 00:22:47,170 --> 00:22:49,808 for all the revolutionary currents in the interior. 424 00:22:50,032 --> 00:22:53,660 It must be capable of initiative and control itself automatically. 425 00:22:53,932 --> 00:22:57,320 The main thing was to get it off the ground in 24 hours. 426 00:22:58,183 --> 00:23:02,350 Are there many who want to take power at Renault? 427 00:23:02,849 --> 00:23:06,159 Not to have power, but maybe they'd want... 428 00:23:06,543 --> 00:23:10,999 someone who makes an R16 to decide whether to make an R16 or an R8... 429 00:23:12,970 --> 00:23:14,454 for example? 430 00:23:15,494 --> 00:23:17,138 It's very difficult, because first... 431 00:23:17,258 --> 00:23:20,219 you must first know a car, how to create it, how to make it. 432 00:23:20,339 --> 00:23:22,341 We're not able to do that. 433 00:23:22,956 --> 00:23:27,250 No, I agree, but it would interest you, just like the students... 434 00:23:27,370 --> 00:23:30,593 Ah yes, I'd like to say, to take... 435 00:23:30,713 --> 00:23:34,048 to make a model in your head, create this car... 436 00:23:34,168 --> 00:23:35,753 I think it'd be very good... 437 00:23:35,873 --> 00:23:37,297 And discuss it with... 438 00:23:37,417 --> 00:23:39,213 And discuss it with the management. 439 00:23:40,096 --> 00:23:42,361 - The management? - Yes, the management. 440 00:23:42,620 --> 00:23:44,251 Yes, it'll still be under management. 441 00:23:44,371 --> 00:23:46,751 You see, I'd say comrades... 442 00:23:47,006 --> 00:23:48,700 and you said management. 443 00:23:48,820 --> 00:23:52,087 - The comrades' management. - The comrades' management? 444 00:23:54,525 --> 00:23:56,871 Or say for example... 445 00:23:57,160 --> 00:23:59,276 we don't need cars... 446 00:23:59,396 --> 00:24:03,383 You have comrades who've found tricks in their work at the factory... 447 00:24:03,634 --> 00:24:06,653 You have comrades who've found tricks in their work at the factory. 448 00:24:06,773 --> 00:24:09,794 For example, if you have a facility with a piece... 449 00:24:09,914 --> 00:24:12,297 and you have to make it one way, you make it another... 450 00:24:12,569 --> 00:24:15,678 to gain a little time and earn a little more money. 451 00:24:16,395 --> 00:24:19,639 It happens we can't do it theoretically. 452 00:24:20,123 --> 00:24:22,357 This allows us to gain time. 453 00:24:26,696 --> 00:24:28,663 Say you see a hole... 454 00:24:28,783 --> 00:24:30,783 that's useless and won't be used... 455 00:24:30,903 --> 00:24:33,540 instead of putting a piece of putty, you don't. 456 00:24:34,652 --> 00:24:36,568 The car rolls just the same. 457 00:24:38,069 --> 00:24:39,545 It has the same price. 458 00:24:42,979 --> 00:24:46,837 Do you think it's desirable for these things to be linked... 459 00:24:47,579 --> 00:24:50,931 with protest strikes, or not? 460 00:24:51,221 --> 00:24:53,253 Or not right away? Or depends on the moment? 461 00:24:53,373 --> 00:24:56,010 Once you have power in the factories... 462 00:24:56,130 --> 00:25:00,131 I think, in my opinion, it's the base, the foundation of it all. 463 00:25:00,251 --> 00:25:02,823 Until now, people have been made to believe... 464 00:25:02,943 --> 00:25:06,735 that the basis of everything wasn't that, but... 465 00:25:08,567 --> 00:25:12,399 precisely, to be able to decide what to produce... 466 00:25:15,286 --> 00:25:18,526 For us, cars are useful, because basically... 467 00:25:18,792 --> 00:25:22,319 In the end, for example, the slogan "don't make cars, make autos". 468 00:25:22,552 --> 00:25:23,434 It's true. 469 00:25:23,554 --> 00:25:26,187 When we go to work in the morning... 470 00:25:26,307 --> 00:25:30,719 when we go to the university in the morning at 9:00... 471 00:25:30,839 --> 00:25:33,581 at the time when everyone goes to work... 472 00:25:35,077 --> 00:25:37,687 it takes more time to go to... 473 00:25:37,807 --> 00:25:41,045 People start to work at 7:30, not 9:00. 474 00:25:41,278 --> 00:25:44,078 In the factory yes, but all the office workers... 475 00:25:44,198 --> 00:25:46,032 the Paris department store employees... 476 00:25:46,152 --> 00:25:48,813 who don't like it either, who start at 9:00... 477 00:25:49,249 --> 00:25:51,424 I'm talking about Paris. 478 00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:54,011 When we see the number of cars... 479 00:25:54,131 --> 00:25:56,220 So you want there to be fewer cars? 480 00:25:56,583 --> 00:25:58,678 It would circulate better... 481 00:25:58,798 --> 00:26:00,791 There are traffic problems in Paris. 482 00:26:00,911 --> 00:26:02,979 Look at the problem in the USSR, for example. 483 00:26:03,099 --> 00:26:04,799 People in the USSR... 484 00:26:05,382 --> 00:26:07,971 wanted to set about making cars. 485 00:26:08,398 --> 00:26:10,392 People wanted cars. 486 00:26:10,631 --> 00:26:12,314 In fact... 487 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:16,133 if you want a service to get around the city, for example... 488 00:26:16,474 --> 00:26:19,154 if you want to make a public transportation service... 489 00:26:19,274 --> 00:26:22,163 and organize it in an intelligent way... 490 00:26:22,283 --> 00:26:26,035 you can get results, very good things... 491 00:26:26,155 --> 00:26:28,770 which cost much less and allow you to do other things... 492 00:26:29,171 --> 00:26:32,106 instead of everyone putting their ass in their car. 493 00:26:32,226 --> 00:26:34,807 Why do people want to have a car for work? 494 00:26:34,927 --> 00:26:38,428 Because taking the metro at 8 in the morning or 6 in the afternoon... 495 00:26:38,548 --> 00:26:40,473 is completely disgusting... 496 00:26:41,107 --> 00:26:46,066 you're annoyed, you're not paid, on the contrary, you pay to go there. 497 00:26:50,481 --> 00:26:53,479 Precisely the students, the intellectuals... 498 00:26:53,599 --> 00:26:56,194 who can always write books to try... 499 00:26:56,713 --> 00:27:00,651 They've seen that this doesn't satisfy them at all... 500 00:27:00,771 --> 00:27:03,400 they want implementation, and implementation... 501 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:05,483 isn't achieved like that... 502 00:27:08,046 --> 00:27:11,787 it's done in common, it's done with the mobilization of everyone. 503 00:27:12,253 --> 00:27:16,305 I think one of the demands, how do you say... 504 00:27:17,263 --> 00:27:20,239 one has the right to see what one produces. 505 00:27:20,359 --> 00:27:22,176 Today we can say: 506 00:27:22,296 --> 00:27:25,827 "We want to produce this much per day, work this many hours, 507 00:27:26,060 --> 00:27:30,062 we think this is the way to work, in these working conditions." 508 00:27:30,489 --> 00:27:33,479 They're demands that don't arise now... 509 00:27:33,760 --> 00:27:38,097 but they're demands that should arise later. 510 00:27:38,538 --> 00:27:40,886 Because, for example, when you demand... 511 00:27:41,006 --> 00:27:43,913 let's take the example of social security... 512 00:27:44,146 --> 00:27:46,470 about the provisions which... 513 00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:50,029 The bourgeoisie knows no other pleasure than eliminating it all. 514 00:27:50,149 --> 00:27:52,590 It wasn't enough to imprison the freedom of love... 515 00:27:52,710 --> 00:27:55,040 with the sordid appropriation of a marriage contract... 516 00:27:55,160 --> 00:27:57,731 and release it at set times for adulterous needs. 517 00:27:57,851 --> 00:28:01,132 It wasn't content with jealousy and lies to poison passion. 518 00:28:01,252 --> 00:28:04,265 It's managed to separate lovers from their actions' embrace. 519 00:28:04,605 --> 00:28:06,104 That's how it was done... 520 00:28:06,224 --> 00:28:09,115 There were cases of sickness... 521 00:28:09,235 --> 00:28:12,124 which were troubling, which had to be resolved... 522 00:28:12,244 --> 00:28:14,634 so they could afford to spend a certain amount... 523 00:28:14,754 --> 00:28:16,336 for the workers' health... 524 00:28:16,569 --> 00:28:19,875 because they were also interested in the company's health. 525 00:28:20,535 --> 00:28:24,275 Well then, in social security they talk about deficit... 526 00:28:24,395 --> 00:28:26,735 because in fact the guys take better care... 527 00:28:26,855 --> 00:28:29,311 because people take better care of themselves. 528 00:28:29,771 --> 00:28:31,481 And that's too expensive! 529 00:28:31,831 --> 00:28:34,088 It's too expensive, and they no longer want to pay... 530 00:28:34,208 --> 00:28:38,441 because health is considered to be something which... 531 00:28:39,621 --> 00:28:43,272 We're told that you can be healthy enough for 400 francs. 532 00:28:43,392 --> 00:28:45,135 You don't need 800 francs to be... 533 00:28:45,255 --> 00:28:48,435 A health of 400 francs will suffice to produce cars. 534 00:28:49,758 --> 00:28:54,656 Accused Bukharin, I ask you again, before the proletarian court... 535 00:28:54,776 --> 00:28:55,754 Before everybody... 536 00:28:55,874 --> 00:28:58,564 will you confess which espionage service hired you: 537 00:28:58,684 --> 00:29:00,216 German, Japanese or English? 538 00:29:00,336 --> 00:29:01,932 - Bukharin: - None. 539 00:29:02,052 --> 00:29:04,312 ...turmoil. Maybe not in the same way... 540 00:29:04,432 --> 00:29:07,235 but we are still present. 541 00:29:07,743 --> 00:29:09,338 Well, count us in. 542 00:29:09,458 --> 00:29:11,939 Do you think that would give you a plan... 543 00:29:12,059 --> 00:29:15,046 to resume the strike in the factories, etc.? 544 00:29:15,166 --> 00:29:16,318 Yes, I think so. 545 00:29:16,438 --> 00:29:18,756 Because my idea is if there are many doubts... 546 00:29:18,876 --> 00:29:20,646 if there are many doubts... 547 00:29:21,255 --> 00:29:24,039 and if the situation is repeated in the universities... 548 00:29:26,756 --> 00:29:30,057 it would provide an impetetus to the masses to start again. 549 00:29:30,615 --> 00:29:32,619 And don't you think they would say: 550 00:29:32,739 --> 00:29:35,502 "Oh, those students, those leftists, those agitators... 551 00:29:35,622 --> 00:29:38,979 still pulling their shit, still bored, et cetera!" 552 00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:42,240 - Instead of really... - Yes, a little... 553 00:29:42,360 --> 00:29:46,239 And don't you think, on the contrary, it would be a complete shock...? 554 00:29:47,388 --> 00:29:48,847 Thus the circle closes. 555 00:29:48,967 --> 00:29:50,000 As deterrence... 556 00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:52,150 Mao Tse-tung's thought attempts to define... 557 00:29:52,270 --> 00:29:53,720 a strategy of fight to the death. 558 00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:56,296 - The sources are the same. - Behind Lenin, Hegel. 559 00:29:56,416 --> 00:29:57,730 The consequences, reversed. 560 00:29:57,850 --> 00:30:00,376 The atom bomb isn't a condition of universal order... 561 00:30:00,496 --> 00:30:02,964 - ...but universal illusion... - ...a paper tiger. 562 00:30:03,084 --> 00:30:04,674 Saturday the 11th. At two in the morning... 563 00:30:04,794 --> 00:30:07,245 the Interior Minister orders the streets cleared. 564 00:30:07,365 --> 00:30:09,394 Against all odds, it takes over three hours... 565 00:30:09,514 --> 00:30:11,410 for the riot police to clear Gay-Lussac street. 566 00:30:11,530 --> 00:30:13,655 - Ten times... - ...they encounter roadblocks. 567 00:30:13,775 --> 00:30:15,325 Ten times they are forced back... 568 00:30:15,445 --> 00:30:17,756 despite the tear gas... 569 00:30:17,876 --> 00:30:19,968 despite the incendiary and other grenades. 570 00:30:20,088 --> 00:30:22,359 ...to explain the real problems in a factory... 571 00:30:22,479 --> 00:30:25,480 or, like you, the students with a worker. 572 00:30:26,159 --> 00:30:29,538 I think the occupation of a university... 573 00:30:29,658 --> 00:30:32,191 has led to direct contact between workers and students... 574 00:30:32,311 --> 00:30:35,488 and if this contact had continued, I think it would go further. 575 00:30:36,109 --> 00:30:38,840 I think we would feel even more united... 576 00:30:39,642 --> 00:30:42,646 before the problem which arises with the government. 577 00:30:43,653 --> 00:30:46,721 First, is the fact that we... 578 00:30:46,841 --> 00:30:48,780 if we open in January or not... 579 00:30:48,900 --> 00:30:52,340 it seems it will be better at the end of November... 580 00:30:52,924 --> 00:30:55,711 we'll always have the premises. It's very important... 581 00:30:55,831 --> 00:30:57,743 because we, when the faculty returns... 582 00:30:57,863 --> 00:30:59,944 we take them, no problem. 583 00:31:02,624 --> 00:31:05,140 I think there's interest to the extent that we explain... 584 00:31:05,260 --> 00:31:08,480 or maybe it's demonstration, the students haven't done that... 585 00:31:08,843 --> 00:31:12,590 to spend the month of May in the street, walking around. 586 00:31:14,567 --> 00:31:17,751 This can also impose problems for us, that is, agitation... 587 00:31:17,871 --> 00:31:21,079 Sunday the 12th. Gaullist power responds to the university... 588 00:31:21,199 --> 00:31:22,437 with bloody violence. 589 00:31:22,557 --> 00:31:24,417 - Daniel... - ...Cohn-Bendit is a werewolf. 590 00:31:24,537 --> 00:31:29,066 Here Radio Pravda transmits from the station on the long wait... 591 00:31:29,186 --> 00:31:31,581 - Daniel... - ...Cohn-Bendit calls at 5 a.m... 592 00:31:31,701 --> 00:31:32,983 on the trade unions... 593 00:31:33,103 --> 00:31:35,727 and asks them to organize a general strike. 594 00:31:36,155 --> 00:31:37,256 Second paradox. 595 00:31:37,376 --> 00:31:40,110 Kennedy proposes to the Soviets what he has just rejected: 596 00:31:40,363 --> 00:31:42,914 to limit the conflict to the problem of missiles in the Caribbean. 597 00:31:43,034 --> 00:31:45,623 Despite some allusions to Berlin, Krushchev accepts. 598 00:31:45,743 --> 00:31:47,438 Sunday the 12th. The trade unions... 599 00:31:47,558 --> 00:31:49,076 decide to accept the challenge of power... 600 00:31:49,196 --> 00:31:51,084 and call a general strike of 24 hours. 601 00:31:51,604 --> 00:31:53,065 We can't do that. 602 00:31:53,185 --> 00:31:55,205 We can only make agitation. 603 00:31:55,594 --> 00:31:58,069 Besides, we arrive right away at the state of occupation. 604 00:31:58,189 --> 00:31:59,244 It's possible... 605 00:31:59,364 --> 00:32:01,079 It's clear that terrorism in the cities... 606 00:32:01,199 --> 00:32:02,748 can play no decisive role... 607 00:32:02,868 --> 00:32:05,690 and at the same time endangers political order. 608 00:32:05,810 --> 00:32:08,110 But if it's subordinated to the basic struggle, 609 00:32:08,230 --> 00:32:10,684 there is, from a military point of view, a strategic value... 610 00:32:10,804 --> 00:32:12,999 since it ties up the repressive apparatus... 611 00:32:13,119 --> 00:32:15,031 in futile protection efforts. 612 00:32:15,151 --> 00:32:18,503 We should take the agitation to the universities. 613 00:32:19,057 --> 00:32:20,866 That would mean that... 614 00:32:20,986 --> 00:32:23,209 we would remain on the ground for a time. 615 00:32:24,504 --> 00:32:25,885 Agitation how? 616 00:32:26,005 --> 00:32:28,588 I mean, for example, agitation for us... 617 00:32:28,708 --> 00:32:31,471 may be going to a class where a teacher talks bullshit... 618 00:32:31,591 --> 00:32:33,064 a history teacher, for example... 619 00:32:33,184 --> 00:32:35,329 who talks bullshit about the Popular Front... 620 00:32:35,588 --> 00:32:37,591 then getting up to say: "Sir, you're an idiot... 621 00:32:37,711 --> 00:32:41,285 a stupid ass, bug off, you're rotten, fuck off!" and leaving. 622 00:32:41,516 --> 00:32:44,038 I think that's logical in the sense of the word. 623 00:32:44,426 --> 00:32:46,629 But there are different kinds of agitation... 624 00:32:46,749 --> 00:32:49,274 There's also explanation, meetings, etc. 625 00:32:49,804 --> 00:32:52,199 But to start again from here... 626 00:32:52,319 --> 00:32:56,794 I think that attacks with Molotov cocktails and other things... 627 00:32:57,040 --> 00:32:59,996 isn't exactly how we can achieve something. 628 00:33:00,116 --> 00:33:01,359 No, I don't think so... 629 00:33:01,479 --> 00:33:04,246 It can serve, and in fact it has served... 630 00:33:04,366 --> 00:33:05,713 It always serves something... 631 00:33:05,833 --> 00:33:10,792 but to resume demonstrations like they were in May... 632 00:33:11,051 --> 00:33:13,187 I think... like they were in May, I think that... 633 00:33:14,803 --> 00:33:17,845 This organization of language must be called poetic... 634 00:33:17,965 --> 00:33:20,563 because it reflects that which makes language possible. 635 00:33:20,865 --> 00:33:23,985 What makes language possible is what separates sounds from bodies... 636 00:33:24,105 --> 00:33:26,118 organizes them into propositions. 637 00:33:28,295 --> 00:33:31,091 ...let's say you sow discord at the university... 638 00:33:31,211 --> 00:33:34,703 and we at the factory, it would be nice... 639 00:33:34,823 --> 00:33:36,515 Yes, that is, sowing disorder... 640 00:33:36,635 --> 00:33:39,140 means upsetting the university's functioning... 641 00:33:39,260 --> 00:33:41,255 Not stopping it, blocking it... 642 00:33:41,375 --> 00:33:43,960 Yes, or modifying it a bit, because... 643 00:33:44,698 --> 00:33:46,100 Yes, modifying it... 644 00:33:46,220 --> 00:33:47,693 Yes, but... 645 00:33:48,226 --> 00:33:50,995 Without this surface that distinguishes itself from the depths of bodies... 646 00:33:51,115 --> 00:33:53,662 without this line that separates things from propositions... 647 00:33:53,782 --> 00:33:55,329 sounds would become inseparable from bodies... 648 00:33:55,449 --> 00:33:57,401 and propositions would be impossible. 649 00:33:57,521 --> 00:33:59,343 This is why the organization of language... 650 00:33:59,463 --> 00:34:02,108 is not separable from the poetic discovery of surface... 651 00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:07,739 It's a question of reascending to the surface, of discovering... 652 00:34:07,859 --> 00:34:12,519 ...in three months, we'll be able to protest from the interior. 653 00:34:12,639 --> 00:34:13,697 I see something... 654 00:34:13,817 --> 00:34:17,197 a demonstration of workers and students at the return of fall... 655 00:34:17,317 --> 00:34:19,849 Monday the 13th. The first red flags fly again in Paris. 656 00:34:19,969 --> 00:34:21,612 The bourgeoisie, occupied inside... 657 00:34:21,732 --> 00:34:23,955 sees the red Sorbonne transformed into a blackboard. 658 00:34:24,447 --> 00:34:26,637 ...if you've displaced your faculties... 659 00:34:26,757 --> 00:34:28,737 you're beside the riot police who prevent you working... 660 00:34:28,857 --> 00:34:31,145 all that would form a bloody turmoil. 661 00:34:35,278 --> 00:34:37,751 Yes, but then, at that time, before... 662 00:34:38,502 --> 00:34:42,040 pardon, before, what I'd like to happen, at the return... 663 00:34:42,467 --> 00:34:46,563 is that, as soon as summer holidays are over... 664 00:34:46,951 --> 00:34:49,592 there are meetings between students and workers... 665 00:34:49,876 --> 00:34:52,101 where we can go to discuss for some time... 666 00:34:52,221 --> 00:34:56,416 before launching, before starting... to know where we are. 667 00:34:56,536 --> 00:34:59,924 Anyway now, each one will no longer start on their own. 668 00:35:00,044 --> 00:35:03,521 Ah, no! No fooling around like we have done. 669 00:35:03,780 --> 00:35:05,677 After those meetings, we could say: 670 00:35:05,797 --> 00:35:08,075 We have a plan, we do this and that... 671 00:35:08,195 --> 00:35:10,088 and now we can begin. 672 00:35:11,560 --> 00:35:13,170 You young people say something... 673 00:35:13,290 --> 00:35:14,490 and we too... 674 00:35:14,610 --> 00:35:17,212 we can agree on a point, and that's it. 675 00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:20,196 We don't start from a vacuum. 676 00:35:21,802 --> 00:35:23,834 It would be nice... 677 00:35:24,611 --> 00:35:27,278 but we must be able to connect, hold meetings... 678 00:35:27,589 --> 00:35:28,689 between us. 679 00:35:29,116 --> 00:35:31,231 - You entered the Caf� Terminus? - Yes. 680 00:35:31,761 --> 00:35:33,922 The bomb was in the belt of your pants? 681 00:35:34,042 --> 00:35:35,631 No, in my coat pocket. 682 00:35:35,751 --> 00:35:37,467 Why were you at the Caf� Terminus? 683 00:35:37,587 --> 00:35:39,063 First I was at the Caf� de la Paix... 684 00:35:39,183 --> 00:35:42,338 but there weren't enough people, so I went to Terminus and waited. 685 00:35:42,458 --> 00:35:44,333 - Why? - To have more people. 686 00:35:44,453 --> 00:35:47,878 - You despise human life? - No, the life of the bourgeois. 687 00:35:47,998 --> 00:35:49,567 You did all you could to save yours. 688 00:35:49,687 --> 00:35:50,935 Yes, to start again. 689 00:35:51,055 --> 00:35:53,360 Anyway, about... 690 00:35:53,480 --> 00:35:55,212 ...our demands... 691 00:35:55,332 --> 00:35:57,244 our demands are never quite correct. 692 00:35:57,364 --> 00:35:59,385 I think, finally... 693 00:35:59,631 --> 00:36:02,446 I think, in the demands that you've made... 694 00:36:03,145 --> 00:36:07,653 what constituted a great part of their interest... 695 00:36:07,773 --> 00:36:10,336 is that the employer couldn't accept them. 696 00:36:10,741 --> 00:36:13,076 - He couldn't, so... - We knew he wouldn't accept... 697 00:36:13,369 --> 00:36:15,305 He couldn't accept them, therefore... 698 00:36:15,425 --> 00:36:17,485 saying "we want this, we want that"... 699 00:36:17,751 --> 00:36:19,686 was really saying "we want nothing from you". 700 00:36:19,806 --> 00:36:22,994 It happened like that six or seven months ago... 701 00:36:23,114 --> 00:36:24,833 asking for a raise. 702 00:36:24,953 --> 00:36:27,240 Suppose I'm in a small business... 703 00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:29,529 I ask for seven francs, the boss gives five. 704 00:36:29,649 --> 00:36:31,600 We already know if we ask for eight francs... 705 00:36:31,720 --> 00:36:33,555 they'll give us five or four francs. 706 00:36:33,675 --> 00:36:36,068 We know well they won't give us the twenty francs... 707 00:36:36,188 --> 00:36:37,524 or the ten francs raise. 708 00:36:37,644 --> 00:36:40,943 Yes, it's a pedagogical strategy. 709 00:36:41,063 --> 00:36:43,828 To say "we want this, we want that"... 710 00:36:44,586 --> 00:36:48,661 lets us bring together, bring together the workers, in short... 711 00:36:48,912 --> 00:36:50,935 the team, around that, and then... 712 00:36:51,055 --> 00:36:53,319 without saying we want a socialist society... 713 00:36:53,439 --> 00:36:57,388 and starting a big definition in fifteen pages with nice phrases... 714 00:36:57,751 --> 00:36:59,846 it says "this is what we want"... 715 00:36:59,966 --> 00:37:03,748 and we realize that in fact this society isn't capable of... 716 00:37:03,868 --> 00:37:07,076 even with respect to that, of satisfying our demands... 717 00:37:10,034 --> 00:37:11,373 because... 718 00:37:13,744 --> 00:37:16,493 This is related to the fact that, let's say... 719 00:37:16,613 --> 00:37:18,147 the social demands... 720 00:37:18,608 --> 00:37:21,399 the social demands made by the unions... 721 00:37:21,519 --> 00:37:22,612 are not political. 722 00:37:22,732 --> 00:37:25,286 In this they're political: it's the fact that... 723 00:37:25,406 --> 00:37:29,997 even if the powers finally wanted to concede the goods... 724 00:37:30,117 --> 00:37:31,949 if they had the the will... 725 00:37:32,069 --> 00:37:35,494 to meet those demands, they'd be unable to do it. 726 00:37:35,734 --> 00:37:38,157 And just to show that they're unable to do it... 727 00:37:38,277 --> 00:37:40,315 we make demands strong enough... 728 00:37:40,435 --> 00:37:42,633 to show that they're unable to meet them... 729 00:37:42,753 --> 00:37:46,379 to show that we don't want them anymore, then it's political. 730 00:37:46,499 --> 00:37:48,995 To want nothing but power is political. 731 00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:53,181 When the team told him 100,000 francs minimum per month, it meant... 732 00:37:53,301 --> 00:37:55,071 it meant: disappear! 733 00:37:55,945 --> 00:37:59,194 But there are still many precisely for whom... 734 00:37:59,314 --> 00:38:02,228 saying "100,000 francs per month" isn't saying... 735 00:38:02,348 --> 00:38:04,008 there's no content... right. 736 00:38:04,128 --> 00:38:07,238 - This must be explained... - That's true. 737 00:38:09,005 --> 00:38:11,159 This is what we must explain at length. 738 00:38:11,279 --> 00:38:13,261 The process of the worker demonstrations. 739 00:38:13,381 --> 00:38:16,491 In the last, the big worker demonstration that occurred... 740 00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:18,822 we demanded that Pompidou get out. 741 00:38:20,818 --> 00:38:22,785 Pompidou get out, what does that mean? 742 00:38:22,905 --> 00:38:26,052 It means that a government will be replaced by another... 743 00:38:26,332 --> 00:38:27,675 it's no longer... 744 00:38:27,909 --> 00:38:29,109 No, but... 745 00:38:31,077 --> 00:38:32,509 that was to say... 746 00:38:33,202 --> 00:38:37,110 But about slogans, if we spoke about slogans, there were things... 747 00:38:38,065 --> 00:38:41,694 slogans, you must... how they're launched, how they're taken... 748 00:38:41,814 --> 00:38:44,172 because we've had strange things. 749 00:38:44,292 --> 00:38:45,707 In our demonstrations... 750 00:38:45,827 --> 00:38:47,868 we didn't have slogans. 751 00:38:48,524 --> 00:38:51,315 We sat in the demonstrations, there were no slogans. 752 00:38:51,691 --> 00:38:55,213 Then we found, I don't know how, the slogans which were... 753 00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:57,870 more interesting, there was a sorting. 754 00:38:58,323 --> 00:38:59,462 We had to choose. 755 00:38:59,582 --> 00:39:01,612 Yeah, the guys launched into something... 756 00:39:01,732 --> 00:39:04,239 you had a completely stupid slogan... 757 00:39:04,359 --> 00:39:06,829 then there were ten guys screaming it, then it ended. 758 00:39:06,949 --> 00:39:08,777 Finally a guy found something... 759 00:39:08,897 --> 00:39:11,344 then ten in the first row repeated it, joined in... 760 00:39:11,464 --> 00:39:14,404 and you had 10,000 men after ten minutes. 761 00:39:16,493 --> 00:39:18,168 With the slogans... 762 00:39:18,288 --> 00:39:23,700 At one point, we felt that the CP had been overwhelmed. 763 00:39:23,820 --> 00:39:25,837 It was when, after a demonstration... 764 00:39:25,957 --> 00:39:28,410 they started to talk, I don't know which demonstration... 765 00:39:28,530 --> 00:39:31,367 maybe the one on the 13th, when... 766 00:39:33,016 --> 00:39:36,117 At Rhodiaceta the management posted a statement on the door... 767 00:39:36,237 --> 00:39:38,913 threatening a lockout if the workshops stopped manufacturing. 768 00:39:42,585 --> 00:39:44,524 - May 13th. - Fraternization: 769 00:39:44,644 --> 00:39:47,246 "I'm convinced that when we shout 'French Algeria'... 770 00:39:47,366 --> 00:39:49,032 we face a historical movement... 771 00:39:49,152 --> 00:39:51,878 no doubt the most important along with the revolution." 772 00:39:52,464 --> 00:39:54,264 The Sud Aviation workers in Nantes... 773 00:39:54,384 --> 00:39:56,523 occupy their factories and kidnap the director. 774 00:39:56,643 --> 00:39:59,515 The ruling class won't give up power except through violence. 775 00:39:59,635 --> 00:40:01,510 Every workers' struggle important enough... 776 00:40:01,630 --> 00:40:03,436 to take social power from this class... 777 00:40:03,556 --> 00:40:06,332 should expect to face the most ruthless repression... 778 00:40:06,452 --> 00:40:09,452 ...inasmuch as this protest turns into deeds and action. 779 00:40:09,572 --> 00:40:11,308 That's what I was saying... 780 00:40:11,428 --> 00:40:14,741 for thirty or forty years, only the CP or the CGT have defended them... 781 00:40:14,861 --> 00:40:17,195 and even if they feel it doesn't work... 782 00:40:17,315 --> 00:40:19,524 that it's gone to hell, they don't know what to do... 783 00:40:19,644 --> 00:40:22,411 and while they propose replacement formulas... 784 00:40:22,531 --> 00:40:25,838 for organization, organizational guidelines that are serious... 785 00:40:25,958 --> 00:40:29,217 and not things which disappear in two or three days... 786 00:40:30,523 --> 00:40:33,020 these guys won't necessarily follow. 787 00:40:33,140 --> 00:40:34,632 I don't totally agree. 788 00:40:34,752 --> 00:40:37,014 I'd like to return to the problem of spontaneity... 789 00:40:37,134 --> 00:40:39,079 and I also think... 790 00:40:39,360 --> 00:40:41,263 the first assault... 791 00:40:41,500 --> 00:40:42,896 I agree with you. 792 00:40:43,016 --> 00:40:44,472 Wednesday the 15th. 793 00:40:44,592 --> 00:40:47,840 The CGT asks the workers to meet in their workplace... 794 00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:49,412 to determine their demands. 795 00:40:49,986 --> 00:40:52,113 Wednesday the 15th. The Movement of 22 March... 796 00:40:52,233 --> 00:40:54,912 calls for the formation of revolutionary action committees. 797 00:40:55,177 --> 00:40:58,093 Wednesday the 15th. "Comrades," respond the occupants of the Od�on... 798 00:40:58,213 --> 00:41:00,608 to the bus drivers who want to block passage... 799 00:41:00,728 --> 00:41:03,674 "when will you stop identifying with those who oppose you?" 800 00:41:04,003 --> 00:41:06,953 One and the same text, or even one and the same letter... 801 00:41:07,073 --> 00:41:10,146 constitute, and at the same time represent, unconscious desire. 802 00:41:10,266 --> 00:41:12,366 The analysis puts in question the distinction... 803 00:41:12,486 --> 00:41:15,165 common and convenient, between a term of reality... 804 00:41:15,567 --> 00:41:18,299 I work with Seguy, I still... 805 00:41:18,704 --> 00:41:21,098 support the policy of the CGT... 806 00:41:22,243 --> 00:41:24,244 - We voted for him. - That means something to me: 807 00:41:24,364 --> 00:41:27,246 twenty years of trade unionism, etc., of political life. 808 00:41:27,366 --> 00:41:30,800 Maybe the only thing that's interested me in life is politics. 809 00:41:32,052 --> 00:41:35,414 When you're a little less excited, we can talk. 810 00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:40,464 In reality, this has mobilized a certain number of people... 811 00:41:40,584 --> 00:41:43,409 it gives them a certain confidence... 812 00:41:44,967 --> 00:41:47,367 - See what they say. - Well, just the revolt... 813 00:41:47,487 --> 00:41:49,825 The events of May-June have served that... 814 00:41:49,945 --> 00:41:52,923 This first assault served that, to demystify the CGT... 815 00:41:53,043 --> 00:41:55,356 It wasn't decisive. It was... 816 00:41:55,476 --> 00:41:57,624 - It wasn't decisive... - It was a good blow. 817 00:41:57,744 --> 00:41:59,195 It was more than a good blow. 818 00:41:59,315 --> 00:42:01,748 People still eventually stay with the CGT... 819 00:42:01,868 --> 00:42:03,855 except they've learned certain things. 820 00:42:03,975 --> 00:42:06,060 In my opinion, the CGT can't change. 821 00:42:06,180 --> 00:42:09,274 It tried to change in the Grenelle accords, but the next day... 822 00:42:09,394 --> 00:42:12,358 the party of Waldeck Rochet forbade it altogether. 823 00:42:12,595 --> 00:42:15,474 We still haven't heard the last word about... 824 00:42:15,760 --> 00:42:18,536 what went on between Waldeck Rochet and Seguy... 825 00:42:18,656 --> 00:42:21,839 in any case, Seguy lost. 826 00:42:23,737 --> 00:42:27,087 The CP really commands and will continue to command the CGT. 827 00:42:27,207 --> 00:42:28,812 The CGT can't move anymore. 828 00:42:28,932 --> 00:42:31,775 As for the workers, there's been a kind of rupture... 829 00:42:31,895 --> 00:42:35,413 and while there's a kind of former allegiance, if you like... 830 00:42:35,706 --> 00:42:39,833 in the next action, this fidelity will be totally gone. 831 00:42:40,084 --> 00:42:42,869 That is, in the October action... 832 00:42:42,989 --> 00:42:44,756 We come to this type of difficulty... 833 00:42:44,876 --> 00:42:47,348 the language spoken according to certain forms... 834 00:42:47,468 --> 00:42:50,120 and the proper method of political-poetic knowledge... 835 00:42:50,240 --> 00:42:52,716 can only be established by redoubling... 836 00:42:55,297 --> 00:42:58,079 by speaking again about the forms in which the language speaks. 837 00:42:58,199 --> 00:42:59,434 Friday the 17th. 838 00:42:59,554 --> 00:43:02,872 The strike with factory occupations extends throughout France. 839 00:43:03,124 --> 00:43:05,879 Thousands of deaths and injuries in Barcelona where the Stalinists... 840 00:43:05,999 --> 00:43:09,179 and the bourgeoisie attack the central telephone occupied by anarchists. 841 00:43:09,299 --> 00:43:12,866 Saturday the 18th. Metalworkers, textile workers... 842 00:43:12,986 --> 00:43:16,151 shipyards, petrochemical works... 843 00:43:16,271 --> 00:43:19,440 two million strikers receive De Gaulle on his return from Romania... 844 00:43:20,068 --> 00:43:22,021 ...former French cultural colony. 845 00:43:22,760 --> 00:43:25,921 Marx not only introduced a revolu- tionary method to the Far East... 846 00:43:26,041 --> 00:43:29,786 but also conceptual problems which, unresolved, contributed... 847 00:43:29,906 --> 00:43:32,845 to the bloody failures of the Chinese Revolution until 1935. 848 00:43:33,243 --> 00:43:36,557 Monday the 20th, the Citro�n workers first occupy their factory. 849 00:43:36,677 --> 00:43:38,598 We must criticize the people's defects... 850 00:43:38,718 --> 00:43:41,654 but we must do it based on the people's condition. 851 00:43:41,774 --> 00:43:44,888 ...there are guys who still rely on the CP or the CGT... 852 00:43:45,008 --> 00:43:46,605 No, that's not true... 853 00:43:46,978 --> 00:43:48,778 But listen, even so... 854 00:43:51,854 --> 00:43:56,926 There is a minority that still blindly follows the CGT slogans... 855 00:43:57,046 --> 00:43:58,922 which aren't exactly the same anymore. 856 00:43:59,042 --> 00:44:02,298 It's the factory, recovery, etc. And in action... 857 00:44:02,418 --> 00:44:05,476 Our train arrived in Odessa at ten at night. 858 00:44:05,596 --> 00:44:08,540 They watched from the window those places I knew well. 859 00:44:08,811 --> 00:44:11,740 I spent seven years of my school life in this city. 860 00:44:12,061 --> 00:44:14,768 Our car was hitched directly to the locomotive. 861 00:44:14,888 --> 00:44:16,078 I was freezing. 862 00:44:16,343 --> 00:44:17,780 Even though it was night, 863 00:44:17,900 --> 00:44:20,317 the platform was surrounded by agents. 864 00:44:20,437 --> 00:44:23,331 ...form a less politicized part of the population. 865 00:44:23,451 --> 00:44:26,220 It's because of them that there were... 866 00:44:26,340 --> 00:44:28,234 ten million workers on strike... 867 00:44:28,354 --> 00:44:30,160 and I think that these people really... 868 00:44:30,280 --> 00:44:33,634 will never follow the CGT, but will take another kind of action... 869 00:44:34,231 --> 00:44:36,143 which is really more effective. 870 00:44:38,201 --> 00:44:40,536 If there is self-management, something like that... 871 00:44:40,656 --> 00:44:42,866 there'll be completely new ideas, maybe... 872 00:44:44,778 --> 00:44:46,593 something more concrete... 873 00:44:47,040 --> 00:44:49,056 There are now ten million strikers in France. 874 00:44:49,377 --> 00:44:50,842 The workshop participants... 875 00:44:50,962 --> 00:44:53,528 will keep factories occupied, stores and yards... 876 00:44:53,648 --> 00:44:55,357 discuss with the striking workers... 877 00:44:55,477 --> 00:44:58,233 how to defend the struggle in which they're the vanguard. 878 00:44:58,854 --> 00:45:03,391 In Venezuela, there was a surprising underestimation of the guerrilla... 879 00:45:03,511 --> 00:45:07,088 and the armed struggle in general, which was intended to make... 880 00:45:07,208 --> 00:45:09,352 not a mass instrument for liberation... 881 00:45:09,472 --> 00:45:13,092 but a simple means of pressure to let politicians play war. 882 00:45:13,461 --> 00:45:15,279 This isn't laboratory work. 883 00:45:15,399 --> 00:45:18,149 Foreign or French, the workers proposed slogans... 884 00:45:18,269 --> 00:45:20,014 discussed with the artists and students... 885 00:45:20,134 --> 00:45:22,607 criticized the posters made for distribution abroad. 886 00:45:22,727 --> 00:45:24,873 The hallmark of this new phase... 887 00:45:25,321 --> 00:45:26,935 is that the Viet Cong... 888 00:45:27,055 --> 00:45:30,158 no longer withdraw from the cities after each battle. 889 00:45:30,278 --> 00:45:32,503 For example, 25 days in Hue... 890 00:45:32,623 --> 00:45:35,437 and 30 in Saigon, during the Tet offensive in 1968. 891 00:45:35,855 --> 00:45:39,425 How to work? The projects made after a critical analysis... 892 00:45:39,545 --> 00:45:42,232 of the events of the day or discussions in the factories... 893 00:45:42,352 --> 00:45:44,968 were proposed democratically at week's end to the general assembly. 894 00:45:45,675 --> 00:45:47,704 ...takes the floor the day of the attack... 895 00:45:47,824 --> 00:45:49,498 at a meeting organized in Detroit... 896 00:45:49,618 --> 00:45:52,177 by the Afro-American Broadcasting Company. 897 00:45:52,493 --> 00:45:55,535 Despite the fire and smoke, Jack should be present at this meeting... 898 00:45:55,655 --> 00:45:58,304 which the local press had refused to attend. 899 00:45:58,424 --> 00:46:01,640 ...by the union like in 1950... 900 00:46:01,760 --> 00:46:03,079 and then by the CFDT. 901 00:46:03,199 --> 00:46:06,834 You're not obliged to undergo all possible and conceivable degrees. 902 00:46:06,954 --> 00:46:07,980 There may be jumps. 903 00:46:08,100 --> 00:46:12,169 Now a twenty-year-old kid who's worked two or three years... 904 00:46:12,289 --> 00:46:15,759 if he joins a group, if he participates in an action... 905 00:46:15,879 --> 00:46:19,640 he'll prefer a self-management and workers' power action... 906 00:46:19,760 --> 00:46:22,153 to a union action, trade union meeting... 907 00:46:22,273 --> 00:46:25,349 representative, delegate, central committee, etc., etc. 908 00:46:25,469 --> 00:46:27,341 So this is called a jump... 909 00:46:27,461 --> 00:46:29,503 steps are jumped over in some way. 910 00:46:30,465 --> 00:46:32,729 Now we shouldn't delude ourselves anymore... 911 00:46:32,849 --> 00:46:36,470 about what they may represent for the revolutionary movement... 912 00:46:36,590 --> 00:46:38,320 these jumps, this youth... 913 00:46:38,440 --> 00:46:41,158 what these housewives may represent who say: 914 00:46:41,278 --> 00:46:42,665 "Avoid politics." 915 00:46:42,785 --> 00:46:45,336 Only a relationship of force is established... 916 00:46:45,456 --> 00:46:46,955 almost a relationship of fear. 917 00:46:47,075 --> 00:46:48,854 "Avoid politics because it's dangerous... 918 00:46:48,974 --> 00:46:51,993 you shouldn't join a union, especially the CGT..." 919 00:46:52,280 --> 00:46:53,284 Understand? 920 00:46:53,404 --> 00:46:54,635 Tuesday the 21st. 921 00:46:54,755 --> 00:46:56,558 Let's build in our workplaces... 922 00:46:56,678 --> 00:46:58,831 independent of the employer and state apparatus... 923 00:46:58,951 --> 00:47:02,119 organs of popular counter- power, proposes the JCR. 924 00:47:02,239 --> 00:47:05,051 No wages below 700 francs, demands the CFDT. 925 00:47:05,470 --> 00:47:08,336 If the bourgeoisie pass up the opportunity... 926 00:47:08,456 --> 00:47:11,096 no more tranquility, writes the French CP. 927 00:47:11,608 --> 00:47:13,134 To avoid a police charge... 928 00:47:13,254 --> 00:47:16,910 Paolo takes refuge in the Maspero bookstore... 929 00:47:17,030 --> 00:47:18,849 where he opens a book by Rosa Luxemburg... 930 00:47:18,969 --> 00:47:21,544 and reads in "The Mass Strike, Political Party and Trade Unions": 931 00:47:21,664 --> 00:47:23,298 "History does not wait patiently... 932 00:47:23,418 --> 00:47:25,083 until the backward countries... 933 00:47:25,203 --> 00:47:27,000 have joined the most advanced layers... 934 00:47:27,120 --> 00:47:29,568 so the whole mass can move symmetrically forward... 935 00:47:29,688 --> 00:47:30,860 like a compact column. 936 00:47:30,980 --> 00:47:34,209 It brings explosions to the best prepared points of the vanguard. 937 00:47:34,329 --> 00:47:36,898 Then in the storm of the revolutionary period... 938 00:47:38,920 --> 00:47:41,556 in days or months, lost ground is recovered... 939 00:47:41,676 --> 00:47:44,187 - inequalities corrected... - the pace of social progress... 940 00:47:44,307 --> 00:47:46,031 changed at one stroke to double-quick." 941 00:47:49,451 --> 00:47:52,005 After a day of painful marching along the river... 942 00:47:52,125 --> 00:47:53,358 and perching on the rocks... 943 00:47:53,478 --> 00:47:55,577 Che and his comrades arrive at the Rosita. 944 00:47:55,697 --> 00:47:58,221 It's a larger river than the Nancahuazu... 945 00:47:58,341 --> 00:48:00,077 and smaller than the Masicuri. 946 00:48:00,197 --> 00:48:01,459 Its waters are reddish. 947 00:48:01,579 --> 00:48:03,088 Wednesday the 22nd. 948 00:48:04,804 --> 00:48:08,640 In Peking, 700,000 Red Guards chant before the French embassy: 949 00:48:08,760 --> 00:48:10,210 "We are all German Jews." 950 00:48:10,448 --> 00:48:13,622 An excessive concern with legality and social-democratic nuance... 951 00:48:13,742 --> 00:48:17,361 prevents the working class from using its essential weapon, the strike... 952 00:48:17,481 --> 00:48:20,308 to establish its conquests from its unique position of strength. 953 00:48:21,081 --> 00:48:24,415 ...tired of being revolutionaries, simply because it scares them. 954 00:48:24,960 --> 00:48:28,509 They have only a negative utility... 955 00:48:28,883 --> 00:48:31,771 they also form part of the occult forces... 956 00:48:31,891 --> 00:48:34,708 though they defend against them. In fact, it's like that... 957 00:48:34,828 --> 00:48:38,277 they frighten part of the electorate, but in a negative way. 958 00:48:40,057 --> 00:48:44,243 People say: "If they ever take power, what will happen, dictatorship?" 959 00:48:44,363 --> 00:48:47,878 They defended themselves at a given moment, they put up posters. 960 00:48:48,171 --> 00:48:51,507 They were for a democratic and social republic, finally... 961 00:48:51,627 --> 00:48:53,572 the Communist Party sign. All those posters... 962 00:48:53,692 --> 00:48:55,480 - Union Democratic Government. - Exactly. 963 00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:57,477 It proves they're no more than "reds". 964 00:48:57,597 --> 00:48:59,743 It's the movement of the teachers. 965 00:49:00,650 --> 00:49:02,492 "Duval, I arrest you in the name of the law." 966 00:49:02,612 --> 00:49:04,476 "And I suppress you in the name of liberty." 967 00:49:04,596 --> 00:49:05,645 Thursday the 23rd. 968 00:49:05,765 --> 00:49:08,322 Nuclear plants, department stores, national education... 969 00:49:08,442 --> 00:49:11,391 Paris taxis, banks and insurers, booksellers associations... 970 00:49:11,511 --> 00:49:13,901 all France has a work stoppage, except the cinema. 971 00:49:14,152 --> 00:49:16,217 - Stalin is too rough. - It's a detail. 972 00:49:16,337 --> 00:49:18,880 No, because that detail could have an influence... 973 00:49:20,473 --> 00:49:23,340 But when it came to understanding the situation... 974 00:49:23,460 --> 00:49:25,850 people seek laws to explain the situation. 975 00:49:25,970 --> 00:49:28,629 So that it's clear, the why and the how. 976 00:49:28,880 --> 00:49:31,234 But when the situation was understood... 977 00:49:31,354 --> 00:49:34,075 and these laws were deduced and formulas made... 978 00:49:34,195 --> 00:49:36,476 it was noted that understanding wasn't good. 979 00:49:36,596 --> 00:49:39,944 ...that the non-politicized student elements, or badly politicized... 980 00:49:40,064 --> 00:49:43,390 or insufficiently politicized, and then... 981 00:49:43,881 --> 00:49:45,389 Do you remember? 982 00:49:46,184 --> 00:49:48,933 ...I was saying that this was... 983 00:49:49,435 --> 00:49:52,910 the minimum to provide, and that... 984 00:49:53,735 --> 00:49:55,019 Saturday the 25th. 985 00:49:55,139 --> 00:49:57,321 Waldeck Rochet dresses in black to look good... 986 00:49:57,441 --> 00:50:00,321 and to condemn anarchy and the black flag before the cameras. 987 00:50:01,075 --> 00:50:03,276 Due to the rainy season... 988 00:50:03,396 --> 00:50:08,365 Lake Propovopoli, normally dry, was completely full and muddy. 989 00:50:08,950 --> 00:50:11,748 The partisans led their captives to the shore... 990 00:50:11,988 --> 00:50:15,808 and forcibly drowned them, holding their faces in the mud. 991 00:50:16,101 --> 00:50:18,180 Mortal war from materialism to idealism. 992 00:50:18,300 --> 00:50:21,121 Language is no longer driven by a person towards truth... 993 00:50:21,241 --> 00:50:24,538 but arrives as the vibration of a massive and stormy push. 994 00:50:25,033 --> 00:50:27,215 The surface is no longer thought of... 995 00:50:28,488 --> 00:50:32,326 as an elevation to heaven, but as a decline without limit. 996 00:50:32,563 --> 00:50:33,556 Down with heaven! 997 00:50:33,676 --> 00:50:36,435 This phrase of Lenin crosses Hegel's text like an arrow. 998 00:50:37,929 --> 00:50:40,490 I thought it was like that, but it's not. 999 00:50:42,394 --> 00:50:43,951 Already it's something... 1000 00:50:44,640 --> 00:50:47,537 If things aren't really nationalized at all, then... 1001 00:50:47,657 --> 00:50:49,591 They're nationalized to some extent... 1002 00:50:49,711 --> 00:50:52,396 because there's something quite incredible at Renault. 1003 00:50:52,633 --> 00:50:55,200 How long did you say? In 48 hours, the factory... 1004 00:50:55,320 --> 00:50:57,719 I don't know in what time frame... 1005 00:50:58,071 --> 00:51:01,504 a certain time frame, the factory was capable of transforming 1006 00:51:01,881 --> 00:51:03,549 into a factory for making tanks. 1007 00:51:04,224 --> 00:51:05,425 It's true. 1008 00:51:05,675 --> 00:51:09,118 - And how do you know this? - How long did you say? 1009 00:51:09,400 --> 00:51:11,550 I think in 48 hours. 1010 00:51:12,917 --> 00:51:14,361 But how do you know? 1011 00:51:14,481 --> 00:51:16,685 We know this because... 1012 00:51:17,983 --> 00:51:19,294 There are already parts. 1013 00:51:19,414 --> 00:51:21,680 The parts and machinery are already there. 1014 00:51:22,392 --> 00:51:25,364 There is material there which is secret. 1015 00:51:26,226 --> 00:51:28,328 Which is stored and is ready for use... 1016 00:51:28,448 --> 00:51:30,887 If necessary, the factory works for the state. 1017 00:51:32,531 --> 00:51:36,847 They do like in 1940, when at Renault in Billancourt... 1018 00:51:37,084 --> 00:51:39,093 they made tanks, and even bombs. 1019 00:51:41,503 --> 00:51:44,597 So you know the factory was nationalized for that? 1020 00:51:44,864 --> 00:51:47,507 You know the factory was nationalized for that? 1021 00:51:47,627 --> 00:51:49,819 Simply because it's possible to make tanks? 1022 00:51:49,939 --> 00:51:54,160 In 1945, the communists give up totally to the bourgeois state. 1023 00:51:54,413 --> 00:51:56,889 In May 1968, ten million French workers go on strike... 1024 00:51:57,009 --> 00:51:59,455 for the 40-hour week they had obtained in 1936. 1025 00:52:00,069 --> 00:52:02,386 Since then, the working class combat takes more often... 1026 00:52:02,506 --> 00:52:05,136 the form of wildcat strikes, spontan- eous and massive explosions... 1027 00:52:05,256 --> 00:52:07,078 of a long-repressed spirit of resistance... 1028 00:52:07,198 --> 00:52:09,438 direct actions in which the workers take over the fight... 1029 00:52:09,558 --> 00:52:11,372 abandoning unions and bosses. 1030 00:52:12,907 --> 00:52:14,110 Saturday the 25th. 1031 00:52:14,230 --> 00:52:16,755 "There's no question of us giving orders to return to work..." 1032 00:52:16,875 --> 00:52:19,238 - ...says the CGT secretary... - Georges Seguy... 1033 00:52:19,358 --> 00:52:21,641 "...since we've never even ordered a general strike." 1034 00:52:21,761 --> 00:52:23,678 All class struggle can at times be summarized... 1035 00:52:23,798 --> 00:52:25,599 as the struggle of one word against another. 1036 00:52:25,719 --> 00:52:27,808 - True democracy. - Power to the workers. 1037 00:52:27,928 --> 00:52:30,231 - Genuine republic. - Occupied factories. 1038 00:52:31,689 --> 00:52:32,861 Wednesday the 29th. 1039 00:52:33,277 --> 00:52:36,040 To respond to the 100,000 leftists at Charlety, the CGT... 1040 00:52:36,160 --> 00:52:38,998 distributes 100,000 demonstrators from the Bastille to St. Lazare. 1041 00:52:39,294 --> 00:52:40,982 Guy Debord to Raoul Vaneigem: 1042 00:52:41,102 --> 00:52:43,989 In societies where modern conditions of production prevail... 1043 00:52:44,109 --> 00:52:47,150 all of life presents itself as an immense accumulation of spectacles. 1044 00:52:47,270 --> 00:52:50,478 Everything that was directly lived has moved away into representation. 1045 00:52:50,598 --> 00:52:52,181 Raoul Vaneigem to Guy Debord: 1046 00:52:52,301 --> 00:52:54,553 When theory escapes from the makers of a revolution... 1047 00:52:54,673 --> 00:52:55,856 it turns against them. 1048 00:52:55,976 --> 00:52:58,335 The theory developed by the strength of the armed people... 1049 00:52:58,455 --> 00:53:00,490 now develops the strength of those who disarm the people. 1050 00:53:00,610 --> 00:53:03,139 Leninism is also the revolution explained with guns 1051 00:53:03,259 --> 00:53:06,829 to the Kronstadt sailors and Makhno's partisans. An ideology. 1052 00:53:06,949 --> 00:53:09,245 Ideology is the lie of speech. 1053 00:53:10,545 --> 00:53:13,349 Renault had collaborated with the enemy. 1054 00:53:15,660 --> 00:53:19,120 It was seized by the state. It was seized by the state, but... 1055 00:53:22,160 --> 00:53:24,020 ...administered by the state... 1056 00:53:24,140 --> 00:53:25,695 The Renault family is always... 1057 00:53:25,815 --> 00:53:27,522 the Renault children are always... 1058 00:53:29,788 --> 00:53:34,151 So it's always a society for maximizing the stock market... 1059 00:53:35,145 --> 00:53:37,866 ...where the state is the principal stockholder. 1060 00:53:38,114 --> 00:53:40,817 Indeed, this proves, if you like... 1061 00:53:40,937 --> 00:53:43,244 this proves that... 1062 00:53:45,106 --> 00:53:47,879 take the demands of the CP... 1063 00:53:47,999 --> 00:53:50,986 when the problem of nationalization arises... 1064 00:53:51,106 --> 00:53:55,519 it poses a problem of management of the capitalist economy... 1065 00:53:56,085 --> 00:53:59,258 but the question never arises of the condition... 1066 00:53:59,378 --> 00:54:02,118 the condition of work and working conditions. 1067 00:54:02,238 --> 00:54:04,806 They approach the problem from the capitalist regime's view... 1068 00:54:04,926 --> 00:54:08,259 saying: "The economy could improve... 1069 00:54:08,379 --> 00:54:10,340 the workers could be more satisfied... 1070 00:54:10,460 --> 00:54:12,483 because they could be paid a bit more... 1071 00:54:12,603 --> 00:54:14,215 the factory could be better managed. 1072 00:54:14,335 --> 00:54:19,193 So what we propose is to put new shoes on capitalism... 1073 00:54:19,313 --> 00:54:21,591 to make things better." 1074 00:54:21,960 --> 00:54:24,587 But they don't consider any criticisms against them. 1075 00:54:24,707 --> 00:54:27,842 They don't want to consider the problem as it really is: 1076 00:54:28,331 --> 00:54:32,438 the problems of the working conditions in our society. 1077 00:54:32,558 --> 00:54:38,705 That's what raises the level of consciousness... 1078 00:54:38,825 --> 00:54:41,146 when the guy comes home dead tired. 1079 00:54:41,589 --> 00:54:45,602 He'll respond that the day they're in power will be better... 1080 00:54:47,057 --> 00:54:50,088 but he doesn't know why he should be confident... 1081 00:54:50,208 --> 00:54:52,254 given what happened during these events. 1082 00:54:54,335 --> 00:54:57,645 It's what we said before about the role of unions. 1083 00:54:58,875 --> 00:55:01,512 In fact, the union has its own problems... 1084 00:55:01,632 --> 00:55:03,719 its own problems to consider, that is... 1085 00:55:03,993 --> 00:55:07,379 they're problems about how the workers live... 1086 00:55:09,018 --> 00:55:11,554 which should interest them first. 1087 00:55:12,920 --> 00:55:15,354 We know what it means to earn... 1088 00:55:15,703 --> 00:55:19,262 to earn 80,000 francs or whatever per month. 1089 00:55:19,382 --> 00:55:22,003 We know it's difficult, but... 1090 00:55:23,982 --> 00:55:26,223 But we believe they live like we do... 1091 00:55:26,343 --> 00:55:27,558 just a bit less well. 1092 00:55:30,186 --> 00:55:33,357 In fact a worker doesn't live like a bourgeois, only less well. 1093 00:55:33,477 --> 00:55:35,383 He lives totally differently. 1094 00:55:40,740 --> 00:55:42,207 Monday the 30th. 1095 00:55:42,327 --> 00:55:44,640 You can't scream, you can't sink any lower... 1096 00:55:44,760 --> 00:55:47,763 "Renault to work," miserable slogan shouted on the Champs Elys�es. 1097 00:55:47,883 --> 00:55:49,611 With no danger: "Renault to work..." 1098 00:55:49,731 --> 00:55:51,832 "Cohn-Bendit to Dachau," "France for the French"... 1099 00:55:51,952 --> 00:55:53,734 "Renault to work," "Workers to the line..." 1100 00:55:53,854 --> 00:55:55,884 "Damned unemployed," "Peasants to..." 1101 00:55:56,004 --> 00:55:57,769 Guy Debord to Raoul Vaneigem: 1102 00:55:58,076 --> 00:56:00,423 The spectacle is not a supplement to the real world... 1103 00:56:00,543 --> 00:56:02,022 an additional decoration. 1104 00:56:02,142 --> 00:56:04,492 It is the heart of the real society's unrealism. 1105 00:56:04,612 --> 00:56:06,850 In the spectacle, image of the ruling economy... 1106 00:56:06,970 --> 00:56:10,216 the goal is nothing, development everything. 1107 00:56:10,632 --> 00:56:12,899 The spectacle aims at nothing other than itself... 1108 00:56:13,019 --> 00:56:14,748 and under the spectacular oppositions... 1109 00:56:14,868 --> 00:56:16,336 hides a unity of misery. 1110 00:56:16,703 --> 00:56:18,083 Raoul Vaneigem to Guy Debord: 1111 00:56:18,203 --> 00:56:20,391 An analysis of revolutions past or present... 1112 00:56:20,511 --> 00:56:24,296 lacking the will to resume the fight more coherently and effectively... 1113 00:56:24,416 --> 00:56:25,977 plays into the hands of the enemy... 1114 00:56:29,631 --> 00:56:33,417 ...except that we too have learned, we learn... 1115 00:56:33,537 --> 00:56:36,158 - Everyone learns... - Yes, every man for himself... 1116 00:56:37,843 --> 00:56:41,337 Because you're more educated than some of the workers. 1117 00:56:41,457 --> 00:56:45,416 For example, I can't know, nor will I ever know... 1118 00:56:45,657 --> 00:56:47,612 what is the life of a worker. 1119 00:56:48,056 --> 00:56:52,272 I can certainly plant myself, look... 1120 00:56:52,528 --> 00:56:55,619 I may look, but I don't see them clearly. 1121 00:56:59,320 --> 00:57:04,703 And it seems to me that it's true, the problem that you posed... 1122 00:57:04,823 --> 00:57:08,123 which is the demands, how have we made them ? 1123 00:57:08,364 --> 00:57:11,829 They've been made in the following way: 1124 00:57:12,929 --> 00:57:17,121 we had demands, we said we were Marxists... 1125 00:57:17,241 --> 00:57:19,450 revolutionaries, of whatever stripe... 1126 00:57:19,762 --> 00:57:21,125 and then we said... 1127 00:57:21,654 --> 00:57:22,691 Thursday the 30th. 1128 00:57:22,811 --> 00:57:24,536 After the closure of the OS... 1129 00:57:24,656 --> 00:57:26,993 follows the formation of action committees. 1130 00:57:27,113 --> 00:57:30,184 The French CP denies the popular government... 1131 00:57:30,304 --> 00:57:32,901 and places it with the sliding wage scale... 1132 00:57:33,021 --> 00:57:35,393 and the abrogation of social security ordinances. 1133 00:57:35,648 --> 00:57:38,582 How to know, how to know what vision assaulted you in the night? 1134 00:57:38,702 --> 00:57:40,376 White or black, Harlem or Dallas? 1135 00:57:40,496 --> 00:57:43,396 Which is the worst of the two, and which has been caught doing wrong? 1136 00:57:43,819 --> 00:57:47,999 How to know? Reflect, America, and meditate a bit. 1137 00:57:48,119 --> 00:57:50,421 Perhaps you understand why we're in Vietnam. 1138 00:57:50,861 --> 00:57:52,871 Here DJ, champion of the disc-jockeys... 1139 00:57:52,991 --> 00:57:55,494 spoke to you about America- Vietnam, the bloody mess. 1140 00:57:55,614 --> 00:57:56,561 Guatemala. 1141 00:57:56,862 --> 00:58:00,382 The far right has made R�gis into a traitor to his class, his homeland. 1142 00:58:00,502 --> 00:58:01,866 "None of this bothers me. 1143 00:58:01,986 --> 00:58:03,889 I represent all that produces horror: 1144 00:58:04,009 --> 00:58:07,073 insecurity, unsociability, instability. 1145 00:58:09,011 --> 00:58:13,953 It couldn't be easier to condemn me on behalf on the Third World... 1146 00:58:14,073 --> 00:58:16,993 and to forget that above all it's about a political struggle. 1147 00:58:17,113 --> 00:58:20,245 Dear comrades, don't let them make of me something else... 1148 00:58:20,365 --> 00:58:22,716 different from what I am and all I want to be: 1149 00:58:22,836 --> 00:58:26,281 a revolutionary fighter. Hasta la victoria siempre." 1150 00:58:26,401 --> 00:58:27,594 Mich�le Firk. 1151 00:58:27,714 --> 00:58:29,979 ...it's helping the workers, above all. 1152 00:58:30,931 --> 00:58:33,145 I don't know if it's been well perceived... 1153 00:58:33,265 --> 00:58:35,239 by everyone, by all the students. 1154 00:58:37,471 --> 00:58:39,061 No, it's not just that. 1155 00:58:39,181 --> 00:58:42,142 Because here, I think we stand at a perspective... 1156 00:58:42,262 --> 00:58:45,110 I don't know, that doesn't satisfy me... 1157 00:58:46,194 --> 00:58:49,690 to the extent that to me it seems too close... 1158 00:58:49,810 --> 00:58:52,829 what the Marxist-Leninist comrades say. 1159 00:58:54,499 --> 00:58:58,611 The students, it's true that they're favored above... 1160 00:59:01,960 --> 00:59:05,525 above the proletariat, the workers. 1161 00:59:06,446 --> 00:59:11,132 And they make demands that are remote from the students. 1162 00:59:11,669 --> 00:59:13,395 For example, as a student... 1163 00:59:13,515 --> 00:59:15,769 I can say I want to earn 200,000 francs per month... 1164 00:59:15,889 --> 00:59:18,712 take my studies and then be an executive, no matter... 1165 00:59:18,832 --> 00:59:22,997 but we also have intellectual demands. 1166 00:59:23,238 --> 00:59:25,505 There are things which don't satisfy us... 1167 00:59:25,746 --> 00:59:29,152 and that's how we take steps, not by saying: 1168 00:59:29,272 --> 00:59:32,597 "I'm a student, and in my university, I want... 1169 00:59:32,717 --> 00:59:36,693 students to be heard, better conditions, more teachers, etc." 1170 00:59:39,718 --> 00:59:43,321 I see things that don't work and I know that, finally... 1171 00:59:44,230 --> 00:59:46,800 my interests and the interests of... 1172 00:59:47,041 --> 00:59:48,533 the interests of... 1173 00:59:49,360 --> 00:59:51,577 of the working class are the same... 1174 00:59:51,697 --> 00:59:54,077 Exactly because of that, a worker... 1175 00:59:55,912 --> 00:59:59,458 we asked you to take the floor, because we believed... 1176 01:00:01,757 --> 01:00:04,525 that what you had to say concerns the same basic conditions... 1177 01:00:04,645 --> 01:00:05,726 Wednesday, June 5. 1178 01:00:05,846 --> 01:00:07,743 Railworkers, postmen and textile employees... 1179 01:00:07,863 --> 01:00:10,725 RATP public transportation, the food industry, AGF insurers... 1180 01:00:10,845 --> 01:00:13,964 return to work victorious in unity, says L'Humanit�... 1181 01:00:14,084 --> 01:00:16,915 while the ORTF calls an army of private technicians. 1182 01:00:17,190 --> 01:00:19,618 "Citizens, apparently crimes are being hatched... 1183 01:00:19,738 --> 01:00:21,067 among the king's men... 1184 01:00:21,187 --> 01:00:23,206 who still show insolence after their defeat." 1185 01:00:23,326 --> 01:00:26,387 Perhaps they've renounced their project of losing us. 1186 01:00:26,997 --> 01:00:29,809 We can't believe it, it seems crazy. 1187 01:00:29,929 --> 01:00:33,244 Look now, making use of common sense... 1188 01:00:33,364 --> 01:00:36,389 and those who give you extreme advice... 1189 01:00:36,509 --> 01:00:39,598 ...something happens, obviously there's no common language. 1190 01:00:45,734 --> 01:00:49,834 But who, for what is... well, not for what, but... 1191 01:00:50,760 --> 01:00:51,930 - To whom and for what? - No. 1192 01:00:52,050 --> 01:00:55,239 Who can enter the House of Culture? Everyone? 1193 01:00:55,694 --> 01:00:57,994 In principle, everyone, yes. 1194 01:01:03,022 --> 01:01:06,786 In fact, it's 7% worker participation while the majority is bourgeois. 1195 01:01:07,899 --> 01:01:10,710 It's exactly the same problem that... 1196 01:01:11,123 --> 01:01:15,159 You can't ask someone who does 10 hours of physical labor a day... 1197 01:01:15,767 --> 01:01:16,931 you can't ask... 1198 01:01:17,051 --> 01:01:19,697 ...a guy who assists in a theater piece. 1199 01:01:21,488 --> 01:01:25,266 ...at the same time, we must also change the form of theater. 1200 01:01:28,336 --> 01:01:31,973 Something has to change, if not, it's not possible. 1201 01:01:32,093 --> 01:01:35,695 You learn there are film classics, there are good and bad films. 1202 01:01:35,815 --> 01:01:38,990 On French television, they have to show only good films. 1203 01:01:39,110 --> 01:01:44,075 That is, films which aren't intellectual poison... 1204 01:01:44,195 --> 01:01:49,713 to keep people in a state of passivity and satisfaction. 1205 01:01:50,060 --> 01:01:52,908 When we see a program called "Au th��tre, ce soir"... 1206 01:01:53,028 --> 01:01:54,740 "Th��tre de Boulevard"... 1207 01:01:55,822 --> 01:01:57,692 it's enough to make you cry. 1208 01:01:59,458 --> 01:02:01,560 This doesn't matter to the workers. 1209 01:02:01,680 --> 01:02:02,995 Yes it does! 1210 01:02:05,082 --> 01:02:07,993 Look at the movies that we see every night on TV. 1211 01:02:08,113 --> 01:02:10,182 They're not films to make you cry. 1212 01:02:10,302 --> 01:02:11,957 Well, they're stupid movies. 1213 01:02:12,236 --> 01:02:14,579 And yet Jacqueline watches them, you watch them... 1214 01:02:14,699 --> 01:02:15,971 and I watch them too. 1215 01:02:16,091 --> 01:02:18,746 Because there's nothing else to do, it's a nuisance. 1216 01:02:18,866 --> 01:02:21,001 We watch them like brushing our teeth. 1217 01:02:21,121 --> 01:02:22,677 Exactly because of that... 1218 01:02:22,918 --> 01:02:24,474 In the Houses of Culture... 1219 01:02:24,594 --> 01:02:28,036 ...we don't realize what we see. We're there anyway. 1220 01:02:28,360 --> 01:02:30,763 I bought a TV because I was bored at home. 1221 01:02:30,883 --> 01:02:32,096 Bored as hell. 1222 01:02:32,366 --> 01:02:34,879 It's not normal for you to be bored at home. 1223 01:02:35,519 --> 01:02:37,559 - It's not normal? - No. 1224 01:02:37,815 --> 01:02:40,680 Not emotionally, but it's not normal... 1225 01:02:41,160 --> 01:02:43,719 to have a job which makes you bored at home... 1226 01:02:43,839 --> 01:02:45,807 ...as soon as you don't have work. 1227 01:02:47,582 --> 01:02:48,909 Yes, I agree. 1228 01:02:51,120 --> 01:02:53,478 But if I'm not at work... 1229 01:02:53,598 --> 01:02:56,479 like on Saturday, I'm bored because I don't know what to do... 1230 01:02:56,599 --> 01:02:59,463 if I have some household chores, I can distract myself. 1231 01:02:59,583 --> 01:03:01,430 But it's not amusement. 1232 01:03:01,550 --> 01:03:05,418 I realize that, but I prefer it to being pissed off. 1233 01:03:05,538 --> 01:03:07,378 I won't be bothered at home. 1234 01:03:12,249 --> 01:03:16,799 I get pissed off when I'm bored. 1235 01:03:18,320 --> 01:03:22,635 Yes, it's like that, I have to work to distract myself. 1236 01:03:26,564 --> 01:03:29,063 Since I have children who are small... 1237 01:03:29,319 --> 01:03:31,370 I can't go anywhere with them. 1238 01:03:31,796 --> 01:03:35,393 I can't take my children, and bring them to the movies. 1239 01:03:35,513 --> 01:03:39,717 If I brought them, people would say, "oh, stay at home." 1240 01:03:42,449 --> 01:03:47,229 Because of that I paid for a TV and it screeches so I can relax. 1241 01:03:51,299 --> 01:03:54,096 The trouble is that... 1242 01:03:55,380 --> 01:03:59,305 in the end, the only thing you know how to do is work. 1243 01:04:09,870 --> 01:04:11,279 Wednesday, June 5. 1244 01:04:11,399 --> 01:04:12,925 Water, gas, electricity... 1245 01:04:13,045 --> 01:04:15,055 gasoline, supplies, price controls. 1246 01:04:15,175 --> 01:04:18,343 In Nantes, the inter-union committee still sits in City Hall... 1247 01:04:18,463 --> 01:04:20,109 and practically runs the city. 1248 01:04:20,229 --> 01:04:22,518 These 6 months of victory have been characterized... 1249 01:04:22,638 --> 01:04:25,256 by strong coordination between different zones... 1250 01:04:25,376 --> 01:04:27,670 of the People's Liberation Armed Forces... 1251 01:04:27,790 --> 01:04:30,894 particularly the artillery, and all the South Vietnamese people. 1252 01:04:31,422 --> 01:04:34,081 Previous revolutions needed historical memories... 1253 01:04:34,201 --> 01:04:36,651 to hide their own contents from themselves. 1254 01:04:36,997 --> 01:04:40,305 The social revolution must let the dead bury the dead... 1255 01:04:40,567 --> 01:04:43,117 and liquidate all superstition about them. 1256 01:04:43,463 --> 01:04:47,098 To realize its own project, it must take its poetry from the future. 1257 01:04:47,218 --> 01:04:49,568 In other times, the form overwhelmed the content... 1258 01:04:49,688 --> 01:04:51,671 now the content overwhelms the form. 1259 01:04:51,791 --> 01:04:54,057 You don't get bored planting lettuce. 1260 01:04:54,980 --> 01:04:57,892 Also it's more expensive to buy it. 1261 01:04:59,160 --> 01:05:01,255 It's the influence of the bourgeoisie. 1262 01:05:01,496 --> 01:05:05,189 In short, the culture we endure is essentially a bourgeois culture. 1263 01:05:06,950 --> 01:05:10,755 To work on cars, if you actually participate... 1264 01:05:11,294 --> 01:05:14,418 if you create them, elaborate them, it's not boring at all. 1265 01:05:17,161 --> 01:05:19,518 Or if airplanes interest you more... 1266 01:05:19,638 --> 01:05:23,874 you can go to work in aviation where you can build planes. 1267 01:05:25,156 --> 01:05:28,189 Let's go back to the system of exchange again... 1268 01:05:28,309 --> 01:05:32,222 between general creation and particular participation... 1269 01:05:32,342 --> 01:05:34,559 that is, from the moment the work you do... 1270 01:05:34,679 --> 01:05:37,960 is a specialized, limited job in the general creation... 1271 01:05:38,080 --> 01:05:39,411 it's a part of the work. 1272 01:05:39,653 --> 01:05:42,891 Since you're responsible in the overall scheme... 1273 01:05:43,011 --> 01:05:44,722 you participate much more. 1274 01:05:45,034 --> 01:05:48,102 So from the moment there is participation... 1275 01:05:48,222 --> 01:05:53,151 you return to a totally different scheme. 1276 01:05:54,405 --> 01:05:57,231 That's right, the worker might say: 1277 01:05:57,351 --> 01:06:01,080 "I have one day off per week or a half-day per week. 1278 01:06:01,591 --> 01:06:03,437 So I go to the pool, for example. 1279 01:06:03,557 --> 01:06:06,469 I stop at noon and go to the pool." 1280 01:06:06,923 --> 01:06:09,182 There are Houses of Culture... 1281 01:06:09,891 --> 01:06:16,060 to which we can go as well for the day or afternoon. 1282 01:06:17,793 --> 01:06:21,396 Actually what can we offer, supposing it were possible... 1283 01:06:21,516 --> 01:06:24,810 that the guy with one free half-hour per day wants... 1284 01:06:24,930 --> 01:06:28,396 to go to cultural events? What can we offer? 1285 01:06:29,769 --> 01:06:33,859 I know I've burned bridges and I'm not going anywhere, it bugs me. 1286 01:06:36,211 --> 01:06:38,117 ...or playing soccer... 1287 01:06:48,893 --> 01:06:51,755 The struggle is an event which is a cultural phenomenon itself. 1288 01:06:51,875 --> 01:06:53,537 The political struggle... 1289 01:06:53,657 --> 01:06:58,760 the free tribunes like those of the Od�on or the Sorbonne... 1290 01:06:58,880 --> 01:07:02,083 have truly been cultural phenomena of great importance. 1291 01:07:04,597 --> 01:07:08,175 I don't know. Did you participate in the discussions at the Sorbonne? 1292 01:07:08,615 --> 01:07:09,752 - No. - No? 1293 01:07:09,872 --> 01:07:12,738 I've been past the Sorbonne, but I've never entered. 1294 01:07:14,760 --> 01:07:16,478 - But you entered the Fine Arts. - Yes. 1295 01:07:16,598 --> 01:07:19,548 That's not true, we were at the Sorbonne together. You told me: 1296 01:07:19,668 --> 01:07:22,717 "I've walked past it for 14 years and I've never entered." 1297 01:07:22,837 --> 01:07:24,890 Ah, no, when I was with you, we walked past. 1298 01:07:25,010 --> 01:07:29,052 - It was at the City University, no? - No, I've never entered the Sorbonne. 1299 01:07:29,421 --> 01:07:32,190 I was in, where was it, Censier. 1300 01:07:33,553 --> 01:07:35,852 It was in Fine Arts that you told me. 1301 01:07:35,972 --> 01:07:38,103 It was in Fine Arts, in Censier. 1302 01:07:38,223 --> 01:07:39,892 I've never entered the Sorbonne. 1303 01:07:40,148 --> 01:07:42,690 I'd walk past it almost every Saturday... 1304 01:07:42,958 --> 01:07:45,671 and I never went inside. 1305 01:07:46,479 --> 01:07:50,714 Why? Because I felt my life was inferior to that of the students. 1306 01:07:54,876 --> 01:07:57,474 I think if a student walked past a factory... 1307 01:07:57,822 --> 01:08:00,812 until now he would never have said: "Hey, I'll talk with a... 1308 01:08:01,143 --> 01:08:02,459 a worker." 1309 01:08:05,213 --> 01:08:07,552 Precisely because of that. 1310 01:08:07,672 --> 01:08:11,160 Perhaps it's inferiority when you say we have to... 1311 01:08:11,779 --> 01:08:14,752 create an environment, for example... 1312 01:08:16,115 --> 01:08:17,180 Sunday, June 9. 1313 01:08:17,300 --> 01:08:19,907 Call of the 153rd regiment of mechanized infantry: 1314 01:08:20,389 --> 01:08:21,907 "We give you a gun, take it. 1315 01:08:22,027 --> 01:08:24,932 Long live the solidarity of workers, soldiers, students, graduates. 1316 01:08:25,052 --> 01:08:26,480 Long live worker democracy... 1317 01:08:26,600 --> 01:08:28,718 long live joy, love, and creative work." 1318 01:08:28,838 --> 01:08:31,534 The house was under siege until 4 in the morning. 1319 01:08:31,790 --> 01:08:34,644 The local phone operator regularly cut communications... 1320 01:08:34,764 --> 01:08:36,987 between the house and the SNCC offices. 1321 01:08:42,374 --> 01:08:44,731 ...sacrifice and death are commonplace. 1322 01:08:47,363 --> 01:08:50,374 I personally would have nothing to do there. 1323 01:08:52,904 --> 01:08:54,324 Monday, June 10. 1324 01:08:54,622 --> 01:08:57,091 The workers entrenched themselves in the paint shop. 1325 01:08:57,211 --> 01:08:58,469 There were 700 or 800. 1326 01:08:58,705 --> 01:08:59,930 They fought hard. 1327 01:09:00,050 --> 01:09:02,106 The police threw tear gas grenades. 1328 01:09:02,345 --> 01:09:05,228 After a certain time, half the comrades passed out... 1329 01:09:05,739 --> 01:09:07,160 Achilles: "Patroclus... 1330 01:09:07,280 --> 01:09:09,791 why do we men say, to give ourselves courage... 1331 01:09:09,911 --> 01:09:13,098 "It can't get worse," when we should say: "The worst will come"? 1332 01:09:13,218 --> 01:09:15,640 There will come a day when we are all corpses." 1333 01:09:15,760 --> 01:09:18,191 Patroclus: "Achilles, I don't know you anymore!" 1334 01:09:18,311 --> 01:09:20,477 Achilles: "But I do know you! 1335 01:09:20,760 --> 01:09:22,279 At night, I know after all... 1336 01:09:22,399 --> 01:09:24,594 there is no difference between us and the cowards. 1337 01:09:24,714 --> 01:09:27,923 The worst exists for everyone, and the worst comes at the end. 1338 01:09:28,043 --> 01:09:31,345 It comes after all and hits you in the mouth like the earth's fist. 1339 01:09:31,658 --> 01:09:35,037 It's always good to remember 'I've seen this, I've seen that...' 1340 01:09:35,320 --> 01:09:38,536 but isn't it strange that precisely the hardest things... 1341 01:09:38,656 --> 01:09:40,315 we can't remember?" 1342 01:09:40,672 --> 01:09:42,937 ...I'm talking about the people who worked... 1343 01:09:43,057 --> 01:09:45,349 and who tried hard in the month of May... 1344 01:09:45,786 --> 01:09:47,136 for several months. 1345 01:09:47,256 --> 01:09:49,904 The guys, if it's to enter the school... 1346 01:09:50,024 --> 01:09:55,000 and listen to so-and-so talk and go home and say... 1347 01:09:55,120 --> 01:09:58,368 "But what he said might not be entirely true..." 1348 01:09:58,488 --> 01:10:02,587 and take notes on little slips of paper... 1349 01:10:02,707 --> 01:10:05,730 and say that one ends up making a radical critique... 1350 01:10:05,850 --> 01:10:07,648 of bourgeois knowledge... 1351 01:10:07,963 --> 01:10:11,033 and returns the next day to listen again, just so... 1352 01:10:11,715 --> 01:10:13,092 How do you envision it? 1353 01:10:14,468 --> 01:10:17,237 One can envision it to the extent that... 1354 01:10:17,357 --> 01:10:20,475 that one attempts, attempts to block it. 1355 01:10:20,930 --> 01:10:21,628 For example? 1356 01:10:21,748 --> 01:10:25,000 For example, you can impede the normal operation... 1357 01:10:25,256 --> 01:10:27,848 of the university institution, impede... 1358 01:10:27,968 --> 01:10:30,693 a knowledge that it wants to give as... 1359 01:10:30,813 --> 01:10:32,398 as the one true thing... 1360 01:10:32,518 --> 01:10:34,094 By discussing with the professor? 1361 01:10:34,214 --> 01:10:35,301 - No. - No! 1362 01:10:35,741 --> 01:10:38,056 - It's a question. - No, not necessarily. 1363 01:10:38,908 --> 01:10:40,555 By stopping, that is... 1364 01:10:41,670 --> 01:10:43,558 In the university we can make terrorism. 1365 01:10:43,678 --> 01:10:47,557 That is, we can do two types of work: 1366 01:10:47,677 --> 01:10:51,245 one of political education of certain students... 1367 01:10:51,655 --> 01:10:52,834 Monday, June 10. 1368 01:10:53,104 --> 01:10:54,552 A Marxist-Leninist student... 1369 01:10:54,672 --> 01:10:57,745 is drowned by the police who sow disorder in Flins. 1370 01:10:58,360 --> 01:11:01,508 Among these ruins, men raise the red flag ten times... 1371 01:11:01,901 --> 01:11:03,818 ...they say we will have to... 1372 01:11:04,221 --> 01:11:07,461 organize our supplies, we students... 1373 01:11:07,581 --> 01:11:10,060 Among these ruins, men raise the red flag ten times... 1374 01:11:10,180 --> 01:11:13,049 ten times it's shot down. How many are there at noon? 1375 01:11:13,169 --> 01:11:16,775 100, because at night there are 100 corpses at the main barricade. 1376 01:11:17,087 --> 01:11:22,728 ...try to contact the farmers so that if there's a strike... 1377 01:11:23,225 --> 01:11:27,738 general or no, we can provision the strikers and their families. 1378 01:11:27,991 --> 01:11:32,507 I think if something like that were carried out, they couldn't tell us... 1379 01:11:33,231 --> 01:11:38,344 well, we'd be helping the working class to win their strike, and so... 1380 01:11:39,466 --> 01:11:43,471 to win the struggle. At that time, faced with a fact like that... 1381 01:11:43,798 --> 01:11:49,327 it's stupid to say: "Yes, but these guys, when they get their diplomas... 1382 01:11:49,626 --> 01:11:52,116 they'll be executives then... 1383 01:11:52,767 --> 01:11:56,422 and give the same work conditions." What counts is what they do... 1384 01:11:58,239 --> 01:12:00,199 during the strikes. 1385 01:12:00,994 --> 01:12:05,440 Because of that, the condemnation of the Communist Party is ridiculous. 1386 01:12:05,560 --> 01:12:07,722 Instead of condemning them, they could employ them... 1387 01:12:07,842 --> 01:12:09,596 but they never use them. 1388 01:12:09,909 --> 01:12:12,642 - Well, that's the theory. - But the CP has already shown... 1389 01:12:12,762 --> 01:12:15,524 This is a response to give to those who tell you: 1390 01:12:15,644 --> 01:12:17,214 "Yes, but later..." 1391 01:12:17,334 --> 01:12:19,687 Later, if there are failures... 1392 01:12:19,807 --> 01:12:23,586 later they may be obliged to do it... 1393 01:12:23,706 --> 01:12:28,694 but it's up to each individual that there are no failures. 1394 01:12:30,041 --> 01:12:33,096 There's no need to speak... 1395 01:12:33,216 --> 01:12:37,838 as if it were impossible to change the situation. 1396 01:12:38,461 --> 01:12:40,116 In the Rue Crozatier they were dead, 1397 01:12:40,236 --> 01:12:42,224 they were dead too in the Rue d'Aligre. 1398 01:12:42,735 --> 01:12:45,079 In the Rue Crozatier an artillerist of the army, gone over... 1399 01:12:45,199 --> 01:12:47,138 to the people on March 18th, was surrounded. 1400 01:12:47,258 --> 01:12:49,069 "We are going to shoot," cried the soldiers. 1401 01:12:49,189 --> 01:12:51,054 He shrugged: "We can only die once." 1402 01:12:51,174 --> 01:12:54,582 Farther on, an old man struggled. The officer by refinement of cruelty... 1403 01:12:54,702 --> 01:12:56,755 wanted to shoot him upon a heap of filth. 1404 01:12:56,875 --> 01:12:58,637 "I fought bravely," said the old man... 1405 01:12:58,757 --> 01:13:00,511 "I have the right not to die in the mire." 1406 01:13:00,631 --> 01:13:04,060 ...those who participated in the May movement... 1407 01:13:04,998 --> 01:13:06,876 in all the events, were convinced... 1408 01:13:06,996 --> 01:13:09,184 that we could do extraordinary things... 1409 01:13:09,304 --> 01:13:11,782 that we could go farther, and the guys followed! 1410 01:13:12,180 --> 01:13:15,510 That was important, that the guys followed and had confidence. 1411 01:13:15,765 --> 01:13:18,350 Now they may bail out because they lose confidence. 1412 01:13:18,747 --> 01:13:21,823 All historical movements have been carried out by minorities... 1413 01:13:21,943 --> 01:13:24,226 or have benefited them. The proletarian movement... 1414 01:13:24,346 --> 01:13:26,438 and the spontaneous movement, by the vast majority... 1415 01:13:26,558 --> 01:13:28,412 for the benefit of the vast majority. 1416 01:13:30,356 --> 01:13:32,671 We realize that Lenin... 1417 01:13:32,912 --> 01:13:36,013 had to escape spontaneity, establish a training... 1418 01:13:36,133 --> 01:13:38,640 a revolutionary organization capable of leading. 1419 01:13:38,760 --> 01:13:39,501 Today... 1420 01:13:39,621 --> 01:13:41,205 we have the reverse. 1421 01:13:41,325 --> 01:13:42,238 Ironically... 1422 01:13:42,358 --> 01:13:44,212 corresponding to the ministers' spontaneity... 1423 01:13:44,332 --> 01:13:47,476 are the French Communist Party and the General Confederation of Labor... 1424 01:13:47,596 --> 01:13:50,842 and corresponding to Lenin's revolutionary vanguard are... 1425 01:13:52,760 --> 01:13:55,274 And the Movement of 22 March had this objective, not direction... 1426 01:13:55,560 --> 01:13:57,949 or organization of the proletariat or revolutionary forces... 1427 01:13:58,069 --> 01:13:59,904 but the interpretation of spontaneity. 1428 01:14:00,024 --> 01:14:01,665 ...last year in the last elections... 1429 01:14:01,785 --> 01:14:04,207 I think everyone was more or less agreed... 1430 01:14:04,327 --> 01:14:09,594 that if one day we have a change in this French society... 1431 01:14:11,250 --> 01:14:14,514 it certainly won't be by putting a ballot in a box. 1432 01:14:14,634 --> 01:14:19,136 I think that people, even if they never said it... 1433 01:14:19,633 --> 01:14:21,493 in reality they understood this. 1434 01:14:21,791 --> 01:14:25,214 Because when they voted for... 1435 01:14:25,627 --> 01:14:29,291 massively to the right, for De Gaulle... 1436 01:14:29,546 --> 01:14:34,139 it's because the communists had nothing original to offer. In fact... 1437 01:14:34,494 --> 01:14:39,065 they simply said that once they were in power, it would be better... 1438 01:14:39,307 --> 01:14:43,936 but they gave nothing precise. No specific objective at all. 1439 01:14:44,731 --> 01:14:48,960 While the students, well, yes... 1440 01:14:50,181 --> 01:14:53,149 because there had been a lot of excitement in the street... 1441 01:14:53,269 --> 01:14:54,345 Tuesday, June 11. 1442 01:14:54,465 --> 01:14:56,840 - The Peugeot management... - calls the riot police: 1443 01:14:56,960 --> 01:14:59,409 two workers dead, shot in the street at Sochaux. 1444 01:14:59,529 --> 01:15:02,013 - According to Le Monde... - a colonization of the situation. 1445 01:15:02,133 --> 01:15:03,278 Palais des Sports. 1446 01:15:03,398 --> 01:15:06,359 The CP office is a mix of the "International" and "Marseillaise". 1447 01:15:06,479 --> 01:15:09,870 - The police arrest high schoolers... - leaving the metro at night. 1448 01:15:09,990 --> 01:15:11,726 - All night... - on the Left Bank... 1449 01:15:11,846 --> 01:15:14,415 there are numerous barricades to protest against repression. 1450 01:15:18,100 --> 01:15:21,239 According to Shakespeare, men are involved in history in three ways: 1451 01:15:21,359 --> 01:15:23,270 some create it and fall victim to it... 1452 01:15:23,390 --> 01:15:26,389 others think they create it, but also fall victim to it... 1453 01:15:26,509 --> 01:15:29,307 the last don't create history, but also fall victim to it. 1454 01:15:29,591 --> 01:15:31,226 The first are the kings, the second... 1455 01:15:31,346 --> 01:15:33,371 the kings' confidants who execute their orders... 1456 01:15:33,491 --> 01:15:35,663 the last are the common citizens of the kingdom. 1457 01:16:03,166 --> 01:16:06,844 ...like we said this morning, it's not a real failure... 1458 01:16:08,098 --> 01:16:10,995 Sorry, but that's absolutely possible. 1459 01:16:11,115 --> 01:16:13,631 We're still in a utopia... 1460 01:16:13,751 --> 01:16:17,151 but the arrival on the labor market of a mass of 500,000 students... 1461 01:16:17,400 --> 01:16:19,778 No, you'd have 50,000... 1462 01:16:19,898 --> 01:16:23,403 ...or of 50,000 students, the boycott of universities... 1463 01:16:23,645 --> 01:16:26,800 Don't boycott the universities, empty the universities. 1464 01:16:26,920 --> 01:16:29,476 It's a minority that fucks things up in the universities. 1465 01:16:29,596 --> 01:16:32,479 So you empty the universities, and you let... 1466 01:16:32,760 --> 01:16:34,702 you let the bourgeoisie... 1467 01:16:34,944 --> 01:16:37,201 make their executives quietly in the university... 1468 01:16:37,683 --> 01:16:40,853 and you do your job, because you think that's the main thing... 1469 01:16:40,973 --> 01:16:42,612 and do political work in the factory. 1470 01:16:42,732 --> 01:16:44,717 This supposes that the 50,000 guys... 1471 01:16:44,837 --> 01:16:47,427 let's say this truly is a utopia... 1472 01:16:48,059 --> 01:16:49,976 let's think about this rationally... 1473 01:16:50,096 --> 01:16:51,965 since we have a moment to spare... 1474 01:16:52,210 --> 01:16:54,589 but these 50,000 guys... 1475 01:16:55,278 --> 01:16:57,813 have no training, and are unable to intervene. 1476 01:16:59,100 --> 01:17:00,754 Or pretend... 1477 01:17:00,874 --> 01:17:02,906 We have to know where the problem is. 1478 01:17:03,026 --> 01:17:06,895 It's in the realm of society, in the activity everyone does... 1479 01:17:07,015 --> 01:17:10,895 where one must, first, be revolutionary. 1480 01:17:11,015 --> 01:17:15,223 That is, first, for the students to not accept, for example... 1481 01:17:17,799 --> 01:17:22,319 they've put into question a certain way of running the classes... 1482 01:17:23,787 --> 01:17:27,562 Excuse me, but this is still completely in the area of reform. 1483 01:17:27,682 --> 01:17:29,800 - Not at all! - We'll reform peacefully... 1484 01:17:29,920 --> 01:17:31,618 we won't accept the didactic course. 1485 01:17:31,738 --> 01:17:34,193 We'll discuss with the boss and when this is over... 1486 01:17:34,313 --> 01:17:36,040 when the university is reformed... 1487 01:17:36,160 --> 01:17:38,327 we'll take the position of guardian of the worker. 1488 01:17:38,782 --> 01:17:42,346 Not at all, because if we carry the dispute to the end... 1489 01:17:43,790 --> 01:17:45,892 if we have these requirements... 1490 01:17:46,012 --> 01:17:49,953 first thing, like I said at the beginning... 1491 01:17:50,990 --> 01:17:55,177 if we want to obtain the university that we claim, it's necessary... 1492 01:17:55,297 --> 01:17:59,830 to question the workings of the country's economy, it's basic. 1493 01:18:00,795 --> 01:18:02,207 It's obvious... 1494 01:18:04,658 --> 01:18:06,683 When we start to be politicized... 1495 01:18:06,803 --> 01:18:09,182 it's the first argument we say to someone: 1496 01:18:09,712 --> 01:18:11,644 the guys are very unhappy... 1497 01:18:11,885 --> 01:18:14,270 about their working conditions in the college... 1498 01:18:14,390 --> 01:18:18,394 so you tell them, in fact, it's a political, economic problem. 1499 01:18:18,514 --> 01:18:20,826 We want to believe that the university is a public service... 1500 01:18:20,946 --> 01:18:22,544 but it's not at all. 1501 01:18:22,664 --> 01:18:25,291 It's basic. Don't try to tell me that... 1502 01:18:25,411 --> 01:18:28,718 if I do political agitation work in the college... 1503 01:18:28,838 --> 01:18:32,390 if I conceive it politically just as I intend to conceive it... 1504 01:18:32,510 --> 01:18:34,875 reform will be achieved. This is false. 1505 01:18:34,995 --> 01:18:36,874 Because my work of agitation in the college... 1506 01:18:36,994 --> 01:18:39,493 I see it precisely as a work of information... 1507 01:18:39,613 --> 01:18:42,682 that can't be separated from the social agitation... 1508 01:18:42,937 --> 01:18:46,604 which also exists in the world of work, industrial or agricultural. 1509 01:18:46,724 --> 01:18:48,621 And at this moment... 1510 01:18:48,741 --> 01:18:52,163 the reformist mission disappears... 1511 01:18:52,432 --> 01:18:55,003 in this link which occurs between the agitations. 1512 01:18:55,123 --> 01:18:59,624 At first, they would only be relations of information... 1513 01:18:59,744 --> 01:19:02,570 but at least people will have to come and see. 1514 01:19:03,522 --> 01:19:06,973 Maybe we could participate more often in the agitation... 1515 01:19:07,093 --> 01:19:11,152 make exchanges, because if we agitate in the universities... 1516 01:19:11,272 --> 01:19:13,617 the first thing we can start to say... 1517 01:19:13,737 --> 01:19:16,510 is that the university is open to everyone... 1518 01:19:18,456 --> 01:19:21,874 Wait, there's something I don't understand. 1519 01:19:26,666 --> 01:19:29,904 There's something that bothers me. 1520 01:19:31,736 --> 01:19:33,738 We're talking about the university... 1521 01:19:34,008 --> 01:19:35,944 we're talking and... 1522 01:19:36,825 --> 01:19:39,324 ...that one or another are completely closed... 1523 01:19:40,648 --> 01:19:42,906 that all the college comes to the factory... 1524 01:19:43,026 --> 01:19:45,207 or that all the factory comes to the college... 1525 01:19:46,320 --> 01:19:48,990 The politics of Wall Street govern in the end. 1526 01:19:49,110 --> 01:19:51,794 Terrorism as a single world system... 1527 01:19:51,914 --> 01:19:54,614 must appear as such worldwide... 1528 01:19:54,734 --> 01:19:56,346 and especially in the Third World. 1529 01:19:56,466 --> 01:19:59,243 Five men comprise the group called Oujda. 1530 01:19:59,363 --> 01:20:01,198 Formed through political commissary... 1531 01:20:01,318 --> 01:20:02,694 not the maquis' hard life... 1532 01:20:02,814 --> 01:20:05,573 they found in Ben Bella the symbol of revolutionary purity... 1533 01:20:05,693 --> 01:20:07,343 but not a strong head of state. 1534 01:20:07,593 --> 01:20:09,831 Faced with reality, they move their hopes... 1535 01:20:09,951 --> 01:20:12,342 to the only force to survive the vagaries of independence... 1536 01:20:12,462 --> 01:20:15,083 and grow stronger when faced with difficulties: the army. 1537 01:20:15,963 --> 01:20:17,943 When clouds darken the sky... 1538 01:20:18,205 --> 01:20:21,057 we've noted that this darkness is only temporary... 1539 01:20:21,177 --> 01:20:23,148 and the sun will shine again. 1540 01:20:25,183 --> 01:20:26,518 Tuesday, June 18. 1541 01:20:26,799 --> 01:20:29,170 15,000 workers return to Renault after a... 1542 01:20:29,290 --> 01:20:31,314 - short tour.... - in the streets of Billancourt. 1543 01:20:31,960 --> 01:20:34,030 But where do these subsidies come from? 1544 01:20:34,150 --> 01:20:37,472 - From capitalism... - quite simply the budget... - from you and me. 1545 01:20:37,760 --> 01:20:38,954 Miehn Lai said: 1546 01:20:39,344 --> 01:20:41,687 "If the silkworm spun to prolong its life as a worm... 1547 01:20:41,807 --> 01:20:43,283 it would be a real wage-earner." 1548 01:20:45,904 --> 01:20:50,322 Yes, but I think a worker who goes to the university... 1549 01:20:56,411 --> 01:20:59,393 But you can go to college as if it were... 1550 01:21:00,080 --> 01:21:02,150 But after work... 1551 01:21:02,488 --> 01:21:04,590 Not after, absolutely not after. 1552 01:21:05,306 --> 01:21:07,891 Why don't you watch movies at the university... 1553 01:21:08,011 --> 01:21:09,708 rather than at the cinema? 1554 01:21:10,779 --> 01:21:13,406 - You go to the cinema sometimes in Paris. - No. 1555 01:21:19,566 --> 01:21:22,250 This too is a utopia. 1556 01:21:22,820 --> 01:21:24,994 History, which threatens this twilight world... 1557 01:21:25,114 --> 01:21:27,919 is also the force which could subject space to lived time. 1558 01:21:28,161 --> 01:21:30,934 Proletarian revolution is the critique of human geography... 1559 01:21:31,054 --> 01:21:33,525 through which individuals and communities... 1560 01:21:33,780 --> 01:21:35,773 have to create places and events... 1561 01:21:35,893 --> 01:21:38,627 no longer just for their labor, but for their total history. 1562 01:21:40,671 --> 01:21:44,633 What I said is that we have to ask... 1563 01:21:45,175 --> 01:21:46,422 Monday, June 24. 1564 01:21:46,542 --> 01:21:49,523 Return to work at the ORTF, after a total failure of the strike. 1565 01:21:49,764 --> 01:21:52,563 Unlike those at the CSF in Brest who make walkie-talkies... 1566 01:21:52,683 --> 01:21:53,941 for their comrades in struggle... 1567 01:21:54,061 --> 01:21:55,872 the Paris audio-visual strikers... 1568 01:21:55,992 --> 01:22:00,275 have been unable to call an active strike, to speak with their own voice... 1569 01:22:00,395 --> 01:22:03,133 in a language distinct from the government which rejects them. 1570 01:22:03,560 --> 01:22:05,692 He was silent for a long moment and began again. 1571 01:22:05,812 --> 01:22:08,060 "It's good that they didn't execute him with a shot. 1572 01:22:08,180 --> 01:22:10,428 He wanted to hang others. He should be hung." 1573 01:22:10,548 --> 01:22:13,840 He took great strides around the room and asked me... 1574 01:22:13,960 --> 01:22:15,502 "Do you think Nicholas recognized? 1575 01:22:15,622 --> 01:22:17,687 Did he understand the workers were judging?" 1576 01:22:17,807 --> 01:22:18,681 "I think so." 1577 01:22:18,801 --> 01:22:21,742 "We must cover his face, cut the rope and cover it." 1578 01:22:21,862 --> 01:22:24,560 Having finished this task, Rutenberg said to the workers: 1579 01:22:24,680 --> 01:22:27,878 "Goodbye, comrades, remember well what you have seen and heard!" 1580 01:22:28,380 --> 01:22:29,985 "We will remember," they said. 1581 01:22:30,105 --> 01:22:31,545 When art, become independent... 1582 01:22:31,665 --> 01:22:33,576 depicts its world in dazzling colors... 1583 01:22:33,696 --> 01:22:35,210 a moment of life has grown old... 1584 01:22:35,330 --> 01:22:37,729 and it cannot be rejuvenated with dazzling colors. 1585 01:22:37,970 --> 01:22:39,620 It's true that art is the vanguard... 1586 01:22:39,740 --> 01:22:42,383 but also true that this vanguard is no more than its disappearance. 1587 01:22:42,503 --> 01:22:45,288 ...but when you came to the factory, you had someone from the union. 1588 01:22:48,018 --> 01:22:51,604 When the unions are approached by a student, they say: 1589 01:22:51,874 --> 01:22:53,578 "No students here." 1590 01:22:53,698 --> 01:22:57,080 But that's the job of the workers... 1591 01:22:57,484 --> 01:23:00,817 it's a job to do with the unions, since they keep quiet. 1592 01:23:00,937 --> 01:23:04,775 Since for the students, when there's a strike at the factory... 1593 01:23:04,895 --> 01:23:08,006 they can enter, visit the factory with the workers, etc... 1594 01:23:08,126 --> 01:23:12,207 it's a job that strictly belongs to us, not the students. 1595 01:23:12,559 --> 01:23:16,442 It's not the student's job to say to the union head in the factory... 1596 01:23:16,967 --> 01:23:19,779 to say open the factory to us, the law says reopen. 1597 01:23:22,613 --> 01:23:25,076 It's not the student's job. 1598 01:23:25,196 --> 01:23:27,250 The job of the student is to say: 1599 01:23:27,370 --> 01:23:29,855 "We want to open the university to the workers." 1600 01:23:30,877 --> 01:23:32,548 The same way, the worker should say: 1601 01:23:32,668 --> 01:23:34,380 "We want to open the factory to the students." 1602 01:23:34,500 --> 01:23:36,988 July 1968. Appearance of bulletin no. 1... 1603 01:23:37,108 --> 01:23:39,025 autocritique of the Marxist-Leninist groups. 1604 01:23:39,145 --> 01:23:42,504 The Girondists had declared war, but feared that appeals to the people... 1605 01:23:42,624 --> 01:23:45,574 essential for fighting the aristocracy and the coalition... 1606 01:23:45,694 --> 01:23:48,154 would end up compromising their own influence. 1607 01:23:48,442 --> 01:23:50,937 Roland restored freedom of the grain trade... 1608 01:23:51,057 --> 01:23:53,157 after Barberou denounced the fanatics... 1609 01:23:53,277 --> 01:23:54,526 who burned the transports. 1610 01:23:55,207 --> 01:23:57,252 They told us: "Rally around the red flag." 1611 01:23:57,565 --> 01:23:59,505 "Years of effort and days without food." 1612 01:23:59,625 --> 01:24:01,553 "Each tome of Marx we'll open anew." 1613 01:24:01,794 --> 01:24:03,356 "Like the Monnaies, our own houses." 1614 01:24:04,109 --> 01:24:07,436 I mean, at the same level of practice as ours... 1615 01:24:07,680 --> 01:24:09,214 Unless... 1616 01:24:09,334 --> 01:24:14,391 I mean an apprenticeship, if the intellectuals had an apprenticeship... 1617 01:24:15,590 --> 01:24:17,819 why can't they profit exactly the same way? 1618 01:24:17,939 --> 01:24:20,603 My brother-in-law earns 30,000 francs a week. 1619 01:24:28,789 --> 01:24:33,305 These types of problems can be... should be considered. 1620 01:24:34,114 --> 01:24:36,302 These are problems of organization... 1621 01:24:36,422 --> 01:24:40,516 whereas corporate problems or reform problems interest me more. 1622 01:24:40,785 --> 01:24:43,910 Calling the workers to the university restaurants... 1623 01:24:44,030 --> 01:24:45,389 is a reform problem? 1624 01:24:45,509 --> 01:24:48,846 - This is social democracy. - Everything is social democracy! 1625 01:24:48,966 --> 01:24:50,858 Social democracy... 1626 01:24:50,978 --> 01:24:52,901 that means, once, alright... 1627 01:24:53,746 --> 01:24:55,840 it's not just to obtain... 1628 01:24:55,960 --> 01:24:58,928 the opening of university restaurants to the workers. 1629 01:25:00,876 --> 01:25:03,582 It's simply about having the means... 1630 01:25:03,702 --> 01:25:07,501 to meet one another easily like that. 1631 01:25:07,621 --> 01:25:11,639 Because before, being Marxist-Leninist meant... 1632 01:25:11,895 --> 01:25:15,451 going to the factories and saying to the workers: 1633 01:25:15,571 --> 01:25:18,820 "We're leftist revolutionary intellectuals. 1634 01:25:18,940 --> 01:25:21,564 We want revolution, we're at the service of the people." 1635 01:25:21,684 --> 01:25:26,707 Then the guys are left with their mouths open saying: Oh, okay... 1636 01:25:26,827 --> 01:25:28,907 But if you eat with the people 15 times... 1637 01:25:29,027 --> 01:25:32,585 maybe one day, the 15th time, you can talk with them... 1638 01:25:32,705 --> 01:25:35,117 July 1968. The police appear in the Fine Arts. 1639 01:25:35,237 --> 01:25:36,793 The Fine Arts appear in the street. 1640 01:25:36,913 --> 01:25:40,132 It's the poor who create language and constantly renew it. 1641 01:25:40,252 --> 01:25:43,934 The rich crystalize it to make fun of those who don't speak like them... 1642 01:25:45,482 --> 01:25:48,771 August 1968. At the Avignon Festival, the prostitute National Theatre... 1643 01:25:48,891 --> 01:25:51,644 and the Theatre La Monnaie united with rugby team A-13... 1644 01:25:51,764 --> 01:25:54,470 to prevent by force the Living Theatre from performing. 1645 01:25:54,590 --> 01:25:58,276 The Chinese Cultural Revolution began with the abolition of epaulettes... 1646 01:25:58,396 --> 01:26:00,818 and hierarchical distinctions in the army. 1647 01:26:01,130 --> 01:26:02,182 August 1968. 1648 01:26:02,444 --> 01:26:06,186 Russian Soviet tanks occupy socialist Czechoslovakia. 1649 01:26:06,911 --> 01:26:09,169 Do you have to pay to join the party? 1650 01:26:09,289 --> 01:26:11,583 No, it's just ideas. 1651 01:26:12,753 --> 01:26:14,556 You say you belong and that's it. 1652 01:26:16,459 --> 01:26:18,909 When there were strikes... 1653 01:26:19,805 --> 01:26:22,278 only one organization didn't ask for money. 1654 01:26:23,401 --> 01:26:26,783 All the others asked for 100 francs. 1655 01:26:32,830 --> 01:26:34,215 All the CGT workers... 1656 01:26:34,335 --> 01:26:36,735 automatically purchase a newsletter subscription. 1657 01:26:37,760 --> 01:26:38,629 Really, all? 1658 01:26:38,749 --> 01:26:40,367 - All, no exception. - September 1968. 1659 01:26:40,487 --> 01:26:43,179 A Bulgarian policeman cuts the hair of a young Italian worker... 1660 01:26:43,299 --> 01:26:45,291 returning from the Youth Festival in Sofia. 1661 01:26:45,689 --> 01:26:48,049 The same day, in Mexico a paratroop lieutenant... 1662 01:26:48,169 --> 01:26:51,685 cuts the hair of an American student distributing leaflets. 1663 01:26:52,812 --> 01:26:56,647 Well, the problem of money is very important in an organization. 1664 01:27:01,063 --> 01:27:04,640 Well, the unions have many problems, for example... 1665 01:27:04,760 --> 01:27:06,917 the problem of gasoline at Renault. 1666 01:27:07,037 --> 01:27:09,288 You know, right? We told you already... 1667 01:27:12,890 --> 01:27:15,276 September 1968. At the F�te de l'Humanit�... 1668 01:27:15,396 --> 01:27:19,997 Mireille Mathieu rubs elbows with Coca-Cola and General Motors. 1669 01:27:20,537 --> 01:27:21,537 Peking and Tirana... 1670 01:27:21,657 --> 01:27:24,633 call Eastern Europe to the sacred battle for freedom and socialism. 1671 01:27:24,753 --> 01:27:26,132 Plaza of the Three Cultures. 1672 01:27:26,252 --> 01:27:28,732 The Mexican army deliberately opens fire on the demonstrators: 1673 01:27:28,852 --> 01:27:31,345 - men, women, children. - September 1968. 1674 01:27:31,465 --> 01:27:34,552 Unable to purchase Skoda, Fiat comes down on Citro�n. 1675 01:27:35,276 --> 01:27:36,315 Proposition 1: 1676 01:27:36,569 --> 01:27:39,422 The weapon of criticism cannot replace criticism of the weapon... 1677 01:27:39,542 --> 01:27:41,347 but theory becomes a material force... 1678 01:27:41,467 --> 01:27:42,859 once it grips the masses. 1679 01:27:42,979 --> 01:27:45,786 Variation 26: Possession is condemned. 1680 01:27:46,360 --> 01:27:49,716 "When we let husbands and wives live or die, sons and daughters... 1681 01:27:49,836 --> 01:27:51,841 fathers and mothers, brothers and sisters... 1682 01:27:51,961 --> 01:27:54,143 no one can say my or mine." 1683 01:27:54,437 --> 01:27:55,360 Thesis 3: 1684 01:27:55,480 --> 01:27:59,493 Eroticism is the luxury of sexuality like leisure is the luxury of work. 1685 01:28:01,103 --> 01:28:02,849 In the Interior Minister's office... 1686 01:28:02,969 --> 01:28:04,852 the only map of France on the wall... 1687 01:28:04,972 --> 01:28:07,086 is neither the prefects, nor the elections... 1688 01:28:07,206 --> 01:28:09,771 but the distribution of security forces. 1689 01:28:09,891 --> 01:28:12,557 Autocritique 3: Students, workers... 1690 01:28:12,677 --> 01:28:15,473 if violence leaves the streets, it will return to words... 1691 01:28:15,593 --> 01:28:17,036 to keep doing violence to us... 1692 01:28:17,156 --> 01:28:18,863 even if only with spoken language. 1693 01:28:19,190 --> 01:28:22,449 Proposition 27: Construct millions of parking lots... 1694 01:28:22,569 --> 01:28:25,873 so that children can play marbles on the sidewalks. 1695 01:28:26,185 --> 01:28:27,268 Banality 11: 1696 01:28:27,662 --> 01:28:29,815 The law is a justification of existing structures. 1697 01:28:29,935 --> 01:28:32,485 Existing structures find their justification in the law. 1698 01:28:32,605 --> 01:28:34,629 No one can remove this contradiction. 1699 01:28:35,126 --> 01:28:36,233 Autocritique 7: 1700 01:28:36,489 --> 01:28:39,806 Assimilate or replace economic needs with sexual needs... 1701 01:28:39,926 --> 01:28:42,224 or vice versa, is to speak of the same nothing... 1702 01:28:42,344 --> 01:28:45,575 the need is no more than the most reactionary figure necessary. 1703 01:28:46,053 --> 01:28:47,183 Banality 15: 1704 01:28:47,467 --> 01:28:49,428 Transformation of the university cannot occur... 1705 01:28:49,548 --> 01:28:51,757 without radical transformation of class relations... 1706 01:28:52,005 --> 01:28:54,273 subclass, privilege of every kind. 1707 01:28:59,442 --> 01:29:01,944 It's not always with violence that we get something. 1708 01:29:02,484 --> 01:29:05,182 There will come a day when you have to stop your violence. 1709 01:29:05,480 --> 01:29:06,539 Yes, but still. 1710 01:29:06,795 --> 01:29:08,188 Proposition 22: 1711 01:29:08,441 --> 01:29:10,444 Give your child 7 blocks with the letters... 1712 01:29:10,564 --> 01:29:12,314 B-E-R-L-I-Y-T. 1713 01:29:12,434 --> 01:29:13,755 He will know to re-write... 1714 01:29:13,875 --> 01:29:15,401 L-I-B-E-R-T-Y. 1715 01:29:15,521 --> 01:29:18,715 ...was against violence to fix certain problems. 1716 01:29:19,880 --> 01:29:22,479 To reject repression in France... 1717 01:29:22,599 --> 01:29:25,375 are you for non-violence or for violence? 1718 01:29:25,495 --> 01:29:27,033 Against non-violence. 1719 01:29:27,153 --> 01:29:28,742 - Against non-violence? - Yes. 1720 01:29:28,862 --> 01:29:30,827 Because I think we shouldn't... 1721 01:29:31,338 --> 01:29:32,766 If when... 1722 01:29:33,652 --> 01:29:35,782 - For me it's the opposite. - No, why? 1723 01:29:38,565 --> 01:29:41,672 But if they make us promises and then we have nothing... 1724 01:29:41,792 --> 01:29:43,349 I'm against non-violence. 1725 01:29:50,311 --> 01:29:53,259 Imagine if De Gaulle was in power right now... 1726 01:29:53,379 --> 01:29:55,929 and was against the workers, that's for sure. 1727 01:29:58,164 --> 01:30:01,430 With an attack, killing him, you won't get anything. 1728 01:30:02,439 --> 01:30:04,874 Those who remain in government will do the same... 1729 01:30:04,994 --> 01:30:07,287 so you'll have to eliminate everyone in the government. 1730 01:30:08,580 --> 01:30:10,521 But then it's a civil war. 1731 01:30:10,759 --> 01:30:12,002 And you're against it? 1732 01:30:12,782 --> 01:30:15,510 Why a civil war? 1733 01:30:18,593 --> 01:30:21,256 The problem lies in removing privileges from those who have them. 1734 01:30:21,376 --> 01:30:22,434 - Do you agree? - Yes. 1735 01:30:22,554 --> 01:30:24,103 But they won't let them go. 1736 01:30:25,603 --> 01:30:28,486 And if we continue the fight, a time may come when... 1737 01:30:28,606 --> 01:30:30,619 But it's the masses. 1738 01:30:35,857 --> 01:30:39,297 If the strike had continued in the whole of France... 1739 01:30:39,609 --> 01:30:43,230 do you think the government would have charged the workers with tanks? 1740 01:30:43,350 --> 01:30:45,502 - Yes. - I don't think so, it's not true. 1741 01:30:48,959 --> 01:30:50,266 I think yes. 1742 01:30:50,976 --> 01:30:54,754 - I don't think a mere recruit... - Wait! Not a recruit. 1743 01:30:54,874 --> 01:30:58,221 - Not a recruit. - A soldier by profession. 1744 01:31:04,163 --> 01:31:06,443 During the first days of May... 1745 01:31:06,563 --> 01:31:09,098 when the situation was already heated... 1746 01:31:09,381 --> 01:31:13,153 he sent the recruits, like so, from one day to the next... 1747 01:31:13,273 --> 01:31:15,120 to do large maneuvers in the countryside. 1748 01:31:15,240 --> 01:31:18,743 Because in fact, the recruits, as we know, won't shoot... 1749 01:31:18,863 --> 01:31:21,438 but it's possible the police... 1750 01:31:21,679 --> 01:31:23,483 whom we've seen in action... 1751 01:31:23,887 --> 01:31:26,544 the cops and the professional army... 1752 01:31:27,160 --> 01:31:29,518 are directly at the service of the bourgeoisie. 1753 01:31:29,759 --> 01:31:33,669 So if we continued the strike, they couldn't do anything... 1754 01:31:33,789 --> 01:31:36,152 but it was a desperate attempt, I think... 1755 01:31:37,482 --> 01:31:40,819 a desperate attempt to regain control... 1756 01:31:44,028 --> 01:31:47,735 through strong repression in certain places. 1757 01:31:49,908 --> 01:31:52,393 Dreyfus resorted to riot police for the return to work... 1758 01:31:52,513 --> 01:31:54,026 that was a violent action. 1759 01:31:54,310 --> 01:31:56,255 Yes, it was a violent action, but... 1760 01:31:56,598 --> 01:31:59,694 The two dead at Sochaux died by... 1761 01:32:00,106 --> 01:32:02,193 - ...by gunfire. - They were shot. 1762 01:32:05,165 --> 01:32:07,238 In Latin America, for example... 1763 01:32:07,358 --> 01:32:10,518 ...you're talking about workers who exercise violence... 1764 01:32:12,294 --> 01:32:14,361 At some point, workers have to respond... 1765 01:32:14,481 --> 01:32:16,101 to violence with violence, right? 1766 01:32:16,221 --> 01:32:20,277 Sometimes, it could be that you have to give rise to it. 1767 01:32:21,011 --> 01:32:23,160 That's precisely the fear of the workers... 1768 01:32:23,280 --> 01:32:25,119 to have responsibilities. 1769 01:32:27,325 --> 01:32:28,859 Fighting is very nice... 1770 01:32:29,100 --> 01:32:31,514 but you have responsibilities to your children. 1771 01:32:36,418 --> 01:32:39,365 It's about knowing to decipher immediately what belongs... 1772 01:32:39,485 --> 01:32:42,475 by its form to idealism, that is, the discourse proper to it... 1773 01:32:42,595 --> 01:32:44,270 after a series of transformations... 1774 01:32:44,390 --> 01:32:49,042 designed to put brute dumb force to work in a field... 1775 01:32:49,162 --> 01:32:52,666 that instead of giving them situated, provisional, scenic sanctions... 1776 01:32:52,960 --> 01:32:56,349 detours them poetically, steals them from contradictory dispersion... 1777 01:32:56,469 --> 01:33:00,254 synthesizes them, sublimates them, gives them always a bourgeois head. 1778 01:33:00,760 --> 01:33:03,840 This head, rather than creating the false stench of culture... 1779 01:33:03,960 --> 01:33:05,678 and the rot it comes from... 1780 01:33:05,798 --> 01:33:08,973 only wants to lift itself up using a movement which is not its own. 1781 01:33:09,093 --> 01:33:11,231 It dreams of sexually exploiting the proletariat... 1782 01:33:11,351 --> 01:33:14,488 that is, to take back in words what it has given in force. 1783 01:33:14,608 --> 01:33:16,815 The link between revolutionary intellectual practice... 1784 01:33:16,935 --> 01:33:18,391 and the proletariat's struggle... 1785 01:33:18,511 --> 01:33:20,667 should be thought of at this level of depth: 1786 01:33:20,787 --> 01:33:23,607 a deadly war waged by idealists and materialists. 1787 01:33:26,704 --> 01:33:28,849 ...we're obliged to fight... 1788 01:33:30,255 --> 01:33:33,365 Then you don't reject the principle of violence. 1789 01:33:33,862 --> 01:33:35,951 Dare to act, dare to think... 1790 01:33:36,071 --> 01:33:37,682 dare to fight, dare to win. 1791 01:33:38,293 --> 01:33:40,663 No one to deceive, no one to seduce. 1792 01:33:40,962 --> 01:33:43,376 Blows received, blows given. 1793 01:33:43,618 --> 01:33:45,705 Taking charge of ideological education... 1794 01:33:45,825 --> 01:33:49,084 this is the central task if we want to unite all the parties... 1795 01:33:50,160 --> 01:33:51,991 Taking charge of ideological education... 1796 01:33:52,111 --> 01:33:54,909 this is the central task if we want to unite all the parties... 1797 01:33:55,029 --> 01:33:57,111 in view of these great political struggles. 1798 01:33:57,381 --> 01:33:59,966 The constitution of a communist nucleus... 1799 01:34:00,221 --> 01:34:01,850 is a long journey... 1800 01:34:01,970 --> 01:34:05,131 a difficult undertaking, a continuous process. 1801 01:34:06,423 --> 01:34:08,349 Skipping a step is absolutely damaging... 1802 01:34:08,469 --> 01:34:11,090 see that you don't skip one, either. 1803 01:34:11,720 --> 01:34:14,030 The filmed image belongs to those who watch it... 1804 01:34:14,150 --> 01:34:16,131 as well as those who make it. 1805 01:34:17,675 --> 01:34:21,784 I think now we're looking to go farther than the slowdown. 1806 01:34:22,111 --> 01:34:24,028 We're looking directly at the active strike. 1807 01:34:24,148 --> 01:34:26,072 The strike is a continuation of the work... 1808 01:34:26,192 --> 01:34:27,943 but in a completely different circuit. 1809 01:34:33,154 --> 01:34:36,748 But isn't it easier to do this type of strike... 1810 01:34:38,012 --> 01:34:39,816 instead of sabotage? 1811 01:34:45,984 --> 01:34:48,583 Meeting the demands isn't the problem. 1812 01:34:48,703 --> 01:34:50,943 Yes, for now, for the workers... 1813 01:34:51,063 --> 01:34:53,499 what interests them is meeting their demands. 1814 01:34:54,276 --> 01:34:57,642 There's a revolution, but first they're interested in their demands. 1815 01:35:01,242 --> 01:35:06,040 I, not just as a worker, but even as a revolutionary... 1816 01:35:06,294 --> 01:35:09,063 I think the first thing is to obtain our demands. 1817 01:35:09,391 --> 01:35:13,113 The workers at Renault think of their demands and nothing else. 1818 01:35:13,383 --> 01:35:16,762 All they didn't obtain, like the 600,000 francs they wanted... 1819 01:35:19,439 --> 01:35:22,959 the 40-hour law that was voted long ago and hasn't happened... 1820 01:35:24,380 --> 01:35:27,527 and everything that happened in May and didn't succeed. 1821 01:35:28,438 --> 01:35:30,738 I don't think if they strike in September... 1822 01:35:30,858 --> 01:35:33,782 it will be because they want a revolution. Far from it. 1823 01:35:34,336 --> 01:35:38,441 What they want are their demands because once you get them... 1824 01:35:38,561 --> 01:35:41,864 then everything goes up in price: coffee, bread and everything else. 1825 01:35:42,407 --> 01:35:44,953 Exactly, if the guys make demands... 1826 01:35:45,073 --> 01:35:47,548 either about the hours or the wages, finally... 1827 01:35:48,360 --> 01:35:50,071 it's all the same, no problem. 1828 01:35:50,416 --> 01:35:52,540 There's always a recuperation, one way or another... 1829 01:35:52,660 --> 01:35:54,932 increasing the pace of work... 1830 01:35:55,224 --> 01:35:58,934 if they obtain 40 hours instead of the 45 they had... 1831 01:35:59,054 --> 01:36:01,440 if they get 40 hours, it's no problem... 1832 01:36:01,560 --> 01:36:03,460 there's a recuperation with work that's... 1833 01:36:03,824 --> 01:36:06,522 that's faster, more alienating and all that. 1834 01:36:06,642 --> 01:36:08,621 If they get 100,000 francs a month... 1835 01:36:08,741 --> 01:36:10,275 In the United States... 1836 01:36:11,075 --> 01:36:13,030 The United States is completely different. 1837 01:36:13,660 --> 01:36:15,960 Because we don't have Latin America... 1838 01:36:16,080 --> 01:36:18,886 to serve as our slaves! 1839 01:36:19,610 --> 01:36:21,916 How come in the United States... 1840 01:36:22,036 --> 01:36:25,243 they can offer 40 hours per week and pay 150,000 francs a month? 1841 01:36:25,363 --> 01:36:26,998 Because they have Latin America... 1842 01:36:27,118 --> 01:36:30,876 Latin America, where they get raw material for half price. 1843 01:36:30,996 --> 01:36:32,731 So the benefits aren't resented. 1844 01:36:35,397 --> 01:36:37,734 To see a bit, start in Latin America. 1845 01:36:37,854 --> 01:36:40,869 You should see what happens in Chile, in Bolivia... 1846 01:36:40,989 --> 01:36:42,866 It is a class made of benches with trunks... 1847 01:36:42,986 --> 01:36:45,073 and tables of small branches tied with fibers. 1848 01:36:45,653 --> 01:36:47,215 Against a tree, the blackboard. 1849 01:36:47,335 --> 01:36:49,651 Of 40 students, 25 girls of about ten years. 1850 01:36:49,968 --> 01:36:52,041 Half a dozen can read and write fluently. 1851 01:36:52,161 --> 01:36:54,470 Others read slowly with many errors. 1852 01:36:54,857 --> 01:36:57,328 The teacher, in uniform, with a gun at her waist... 1853 01:36:57,448 --> 01:37:00,069 asks them the meaning of the words of the national anthem. 1854 01:37:00,189 --> 01:37:02,885 In the distance, the sound of bombers and explosions. 1855 01:37:03,005 --> 01:37:06,450 In one girl's notebook we find a Portuguese propaganda leaflet... 1856 01:37:06,570 --> 01:37:08,710 where we see some half-naked guerrillas... 1857 01:37:08,830 --> 01:37:10,629 looking dejected, with the caption: 1858 01:37:10,913 --> 01:37:13,059 "These are the savages who live in the forest." 1859 01:37:13,471 --> 01:37:16,213 The row of girls laugh, seeing us read the leaflet. 1860 01:37:16,468 --> 01:37:19,040 We show them the image. "What do you think of this?" 1861 01:37:19,160 --> 01:37:20,714 "It only benefits the Portuguese." 1862 01:37:20,834 --> 01:37:22,600 Amilcar takes the floor: 1863 01:37:23,083 --> 01:37:25,317 "Long ago we told the Portuguese government... 1864 01:37:25,437 --> 01:37:27,569 we were taking up arms, and that made them laugh. 1865 01:37:27,689 --> 01:37:31,165 Now they're not laughing, that's the difference between then and now." 1866 01:37:35,345 --> 01:37:38,554 It's the first step that should be suggested... 1867 01:37:38,674 --> 01:37:40,954 the problem of power in the company. 1868 01:37:42,257 --> 01:37:45,069 There are demands which could be different. 1869 01:37:45,189 --> 01:37:47,241 There are demands which could be different. 1870 01:37:47,361 --> 01:37:49,599 There are immediate material demands... 1871 01:37:50,110 --> 01:37:53,597 which have their interest and shouldn't be discarded, obviously. 1872 01:37:53,896 --> 01:37:55,134 It's the old problem... 1873 01:37:55,254 --> 01:37:58,087 between qualitative and quantitative demands. 1874 01:37:58,953 --> 01:38:00,917 One leads to the other. 1875 01:38:01,158 --> 01:38:03,032 Yes, but not necessarily. 1876 01:38:04,311 --> 01:38:08,469 A problem of quantitative... qualitative demands... 1877 01:38:08,589 --> 01:38:10,714 for example, the company's union situation... 1878 01:38:10,834 --> 01:38:14,145 it's something important and we haven't even scratched the surface. 1879 01:38:14,265 --> 01:38:17,985 In my opinion, it's worth more than a 10% raise. 1880 01:38:18,240 --> 01:38:19,447 I don't know. 1881 01:38:20,058 --> 01:38:21,464 I think that... 1882 01:38:22,741 --> 01:38:26,511 the combatitivity is sufficient among the workers, for example. 1883 01:38:26,987 --> 01:38:30,608 The people are sufficiently resolved to... 1884 01:38:30,906 --> 01:38:34,639 to launch a demand of a purely quantitative kind... 1885 01:38:34,759 --> 01:38:37,209 that is, higher wages, reduction in working hours. 1886 01:38:37,329 --> 01:38:38,209 Well, okay... 1887 01:38:38,329 --> 01:38:42,043 but in the very development of the strike, for example... 1888 01:38:42,753 --> 01:38:45,257 one can directly raise the question of power... 1889 01:38:45,377 --> 01:38:46,767 inside the factory. 1890 01:38:47,023 --> 01:38:49,508 This is a question we can address by raising... 1891 01:38:49,628 --> 01:38:51,525 the question of structural reform. 1892 01:38:51,645 --> 01:38:52,561 For example... 1893 01:38:53,144 --> 01:38:56,676 if they give us a certain raise... 1894 01:38:57,031 --> 01:39:00,302 if the government gives us this or that... 1895 01:39:00,643 --> 01:39:02,877 with no modification of the structure... 1896 01:39:03,118 --> 01:39:06,030 it's worth exactly nothing; that is, it'll be gone... 1897 01:39:06,150 --> 01:39:08,586 everything achieved will be gone in two or three months. 1898 01:39:08,706 --> 01:39:10,208 As if it never existed. 1899 01:39:10,328 --> 01:39:12,409 But for me, the advantages... 1900 01:39:14,326 --> 01:39:16,498 For me, the advantages obtained by the unions... 1901 01:39:16,618 --> 01:39:19,182 don't represent quantitative or qualitative change... 1902 01:39:19,302 --> 01:39:20,845 or at least not qualitative. 1903 01:39:21,612 --> 01:39:26,670 For me, the union is a tool in a legal fight... 1904 01:39:26,790 --> 01:39:28,863 which thus recognizes implicitly... 1905 01:39:28,983 --> 01:39:31,235 the existence of an employer, of employees. 1906 01:39:31,476 --> 01:39:33,422 The problem for me is to remove them both. 1907 01:39:33,542 --> 01:39:36,227 No, but one can recognize... 1908 01:39:36,347 --> 01:39:40,469 well, I recognize the real existence of the employer. 1909 01:39:41,593 --> 01:39:43,539 Legality is something else. 1910 01:39:44,489 --> 01:39:48,920 In the fight I have against him, for me it's not a question of legality. 1911 01:39:49,375 --> 01:39:52,158 No, but it's a question of his actual existence. 1912 01:39:52,278 --> 01:39:54,574 Yes, he's real and my struggle tries, in fact... 1913 01:39:54,694 --> 01:39:58,139 and my actions are determined by his real existence... 1914 01:39:58,411 --> 01:40:01,593 and my objective is his disappearance. 1915 01:40:02,327 --> 01:40:06,091 And it won't be within legal limits that you'll succeed... 1916 01:40:06,211 --> 01:40:08,968 That doesn't mean that to make a political action... 1917 01:40:09,088 --> 01:40:11,496 you're always obliged to pass into illegality. 1918 01:40:11,616 --> 01:40:13,473 You can exercise... 1919 01:40:13,593 --> 01:40:16,086 a part of your political action in legality... 1920 01:40:16,206 --> 01:40:18,287 if the bourgeoisie is stupid enough for that. 1921 01:40:18,657 --> 01:40:21,729 If the bourgeoisie is stupid enough for that, sure. 1922 01:40:23,008 --> 01:40:27,468 But the union will be auto- matically limited in its action... 1923 01:40:27,588 --> 01:40:29,718 as it has been, by legality. 1924 01:40:29,838 --> 01:40:32,306 It's recognized, it's legal... 1925 01:40:32,426 --> 01:40:35,415 and nothing will happen until its dissolution, which it doesn't want. 1926 01:40:35,535 --> 01:40:37,588 It's doesn't want to self-destruct. 1927 01:40:38,244 --> 01:40:41,070 It'll be automatically limited by this legality. 1928 01:40:41,937 --> 01:40:45,520 So for me, everything gained through union action... 1929 01:40:45,640 --> 01:40:49,470 inside a factory, is relatively negative. 1930 01:40:49,878 --> 01:40:52,138 That's debatable, for example, as a tool... 1931 01:40:52,258 --> 01:40:54,524 which has served the workers movement, the union... 1932 01:40:54,644 --> 01:40:57,520 that is, discussing the union as an organization... 1933 01:40:57,762 --> 01:41:01,258 and saying from the moment this organization is recognized... 1934 01:41:01,378 --> 01:41:03,048 it's rotten, that's false. 1935 01:41:04,783 --> 01:41:07,410 It's the policy of the organization... 1936 01:41:07,879 --> 01:41:11,216 that should be analyzed, not the organization as such. 1937 01:41:11,915 --> 01:41:13,946 An organization isn't something abstract: 1938 01:41:14,066 --> 01:41:15,894 recognized organization, then reformist... 1939 01:41:16,014 --> 01:41:20,153 non-recognized organization... there aren't equations like that. 1940 01:41:20,560 --> 01:41:22,397 There's a rather obvious parallel. 1941 01:41:22,517 --> 01:41:25,626 You might make a parallel, but with a bad method. 1942 01:41:25,746 --> 01:41:28,115 Just because you declare from one day to the next... 1943 01:41:28,235 --> 01:41:31,664 you're going to work in illegality, doesn't make valid political work. 1944 01:41:32,320 --> 01:41:34,072 It's no longer true. 1945 01:41:35,694 --> 01:41:38,567 That is, if you can, through a union for example... 1946 01:41:39,265 --> 01:41:40,549 make agitation... 1947 01:41:40,669 --> 01:41:44,602 do the work of political propaganda in the factories... 1948 01:41:44,722 --> 01:41:47,194 about social problems, about cultural problems... 1949 01:41:50,307 --> 01:41:53,834 Against the advice in every factory, every school, every high school... 1950 01:41:53,954 --> 01:41:56,254 every administration, every metro station... 1951 01:41:56,374 --> 01:41:59,800 every neighborhood, no police, however fierce, can do anything. 1952 01:42:39,991 --> 01:42:43,130 It all comes down to aesthetics and political economy. 1953 01:42:45,080 --> 01:42:49,471 BLUE / RED